If you’re getting ready to head to the DMV for your CDL permit, one of the first things you want to know is exactly what you’re walking into. How many questions are on the test? 

This guide breaks down every section of the exam, the exact number of questions per section, the passing score you need, and what each section actually covers so there are zero surprises on test day.

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The CDL Permit Test Breakdown

Here’s the first thing a lot of new applicants don’t realize: the CDL permit test isn’t a single exam. It’s a series of knowledge tests, and the specific tests you take depend on which CDL class you’re applying for and which endorsements you need.
Every applicant takes the General Knowledge test. From there, additional tests are required based on your goals:

• Applying for a Class A CDL: You’ll also take Air Brakes and Combination Vehicles which is 95 questions total across three tests.
• Applying for a Class B CDL: You’ll take General Knowledge and Air Brakes which is 75 questions total.
• Adding endorsements (Hazmat, Tanker, Passenger, Doubles/Triples, School Bus) Each endorsement has its own separate knowledge test on top of the above.

The passing score for every single section is 80%. You must score 80% or higher on each test individually and a high score on one section doesn’t offset a low score on another.

CDL Permit Test Questions by Section

Here’s the complete breakdown of every knowledge test module, how many questions it contains, how many you need to answer correctly, and what it covers.

General Knowledge:  Required for All CDL Classes

• Questions: 50
• Correct Answers Needed: 40
• Passing Score: 80%
• Time Limit: 60 min

The General Knowledge test is the foundation of the CDL permit exam and is required for every applicant regardless of CDL class or endorsements. It’s the broadest section and covers a wide range of topics that every commercial driver needs to know.

What it covers:

• Vehicle inspection procedures (pre-trip checks, what to look for)
• Basic vehicle control (shifting, backing, turning, managing speed)
• Shifting and backing maneuvers
• Coupling and uncoupling (more detail in Combination Vehicles)
• Safe driving practices (space management, following distance, night driving, adverse weather)
• Transporting cargo safely (securing loads, weight limits, center of gravity)
• Hazardous materials basics (when placards are required, general handling)
• Accident procedures and emergency response
• Hours of service regulations (how long you can drive, rest requirements)
• Vehicle systems and how they work

Tip: The General Knowledge section is the longest and broadest test. Don’t try to memorize everything at once but instead work through your state’s CDL Manual section by section and take practice tests as you go. Focus especially on numbers: following distances, speed limits in special situations, weight limits, and inspection intervals all show up repeatedly.

Air Brakes: Required for Class A and Class B (and Anyone Driving Air Brake Vehicles)

• Questions: 25
• Correct Answers Needed: 20
• Passing Score: 80%
• Time Limit: 30 min

The Air Brakes section is required for any driver who plans to operate a commercial vehicle equipped with an air brake system. If you skip this test or don’t pass it, you’ll receive an L restriction (or Z restriction) on your CDL, which bars you from driving most Class A and Class B vehicles. Don’t skip it.

What it covers:

• Components of the air brake system (compressor, reservoirs, valves, brake chambers, slack adjusters)
• How air brakes work differently from hydraulic brakes (brake lag, stopping distances)
• Pre-trip air brake inspection procedures (the pressure build test, air loss rate, low pressure warning, spring brake check)
• Dual air brake systems and how to check them
• Proper use of brakes on downgrades (not riding the brakes, fanning)
• Emergency brake systems and parking brakes
• PSI thresholds you must know:

1. Governor cuts out at: 120–125 PSI
2. Governor cuts in at: 100 PSI
3. Low pressure warning activates at: 60 PSI
4. Spring brakes pop out at: 20–45 PSI (varies by vehicle)
5. Maximum air loss rate: 3 PSI per minute (single vehicle), 4 PSI per minute (combination)

Study tip: The PSI numbers above come up constantly on the exam. Write them out and drill them until they’re automatic. Also practice the full pre-trip air brake inspection sequence out loud, because you’ll need to perform it during your road test too, and knowing it for the written exam and knowing it for the physical inspection are two different things.

Combination Vehicles: Required for Class A CDL

• Questions: 20
• Correct Answers Needed: 16
• Passing Score: 80%
• Time Limit: 30 min

The Combination Vehicles section is specific to Class A applicants. It covers the additional knowledge and skills required to safely operate a vehicle towing one or more trailers.

What it covers:

• Coupling and uncoupling procedures (fifth wheel, kingpin, landing gear, trailer brakes)
• Inspecting combination vehicles before a trip
• Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) on combination vehicles
• Rollover risks (why combination vehicles are more susceptible and how to prevent them)
• Off-tracking (why the rear wheels of a trailer don’t follow the same path as the front wheels)
• Rearward amplification (crack-the-whip effect) and how speed affects it
• Doubles and triples towing rules (if applicable to your setup)
• Trailer brake systems and how to test them

Study tip: The coupling and uncoupling sequence is heavily tested. Know every step in order: approach, check, connect, test and understand why each step matters for safety rather than just memorizing the sequence blindly.

Hazardous Materials (HazMat): Required for H Endorsement

• Questions: 20
• Correct Answers Needed: 16
• Passing Score: 80%
• Time Limit: 30 min

The HazMat section is one of the longer and more detailed endorsement tests. It’s required for anyone who wants to transport hazardous materials that require placards under federal law.

Important: For HazMat, you must also pass a TSA background check and complete ELDT theory training before you can take this test. The background check can take several weeks, so plan ahead if H endorsement is part of your goal.

What it covers:

• The nine classes of hazardous materials and how to identify them
• Placarding requirements (when placards are required, which placard for which material)
• Shipping papers (what they must contain, where they must be kept)
• Markings and labels — how they differ from placards and when each is required
• Loading and unloading hazardous cargo safely
• Segregation rules (which materials can’t be loaded together)
• Bulk packaging vs. non-bulk packaging
• Emergency response procedures (spills, leaks, fires)
• Route restrictions for HazMat loads (tunnels, bridges, populated areas)
• Attendance requirements when parked with a HazMat load

Study tip: The HazMat section has a lot of detail around the nine hazard classes and their specific rules. Make a reference card for each class (explosives, gases, flammables, oxidizers, poisons, radioactive, corrosives, miscellaneous) with the key restrictions for each. The exam will test scenario-based judgment, not just definitions.

Tanker Vehicles: Required for N Endorsement

• Questions: 20
• Correct Answers Needed: 16
• Passing Score: 80%
• Time Limit: 30 min

The Tanker section is required for drivers who will haul liquid or gaseous materials in a tank vehicle attached to or built into the truck.

What it covers:

• Liquid surge and how it affects vehicle handling (front-to-back surge, side-to-side surge)
• Baffled vs. unbaffled tanks:  the difference and how each affects driving
• Outage (why tanks can’t be completely filled and what rules govern fill levels)
• High center of gravity: why tankers roll over more easily and how to compensate
• Inspecting tank vehicles before a trip (checking for leaks, dome covers, valves)
• Safe driving techniques specific to tankers (smooth acceleration, wide turns, early braking)
• Retest and certification requirements for tank vehicles

Study tip: Liquid surge is the central theme of the tanker test. Understand both types (front-to-back and side-to-side), when they’re most dangerous, and how to counteract them with driving technique. Questions will test your judgment in specific scenarios, not just definitions.

Doubles and Triples: Required for T Endorsement

• Questions: 20
• Correct Answers Needed: 16
• Passing Score: 80%
• Time Limit: 30 min

The Doubles and Triples section is required for drivers who want to pull two or three trailers in combination.

What it covers:

• Coupling and uncoupling double and triple trailer combinations
• Converter dolly: what it is, how it works, and how to inspect it
• Securing the converter dolly when uncoupled
• The crack-the-whip effect and rearward amplification (how it increases with each additional trailer)
• Proper trailer positioning (heaviest trailer immediately behind the cab)
• Safe driving practices for longer combinations (more following distance, wider turns, earlier braking)
• State-specific rules (not all states allow triples)

Study tip: The converter dolly inspection and the proper order for coupling/uncoupling are heavily tested. Know the safety chain attachment sequence and always remember that heaviest trailer goes directly behind the cab.

Passenger Transport: Required for P Endorsement

• Questions: 20
• Correct Answers Needed: 16
• Passing Score: 80%
• Time Limit: 30 min

The Passenger Transport section is required for anyone who wants to drive a vehicle designed to carry 16 or more passengers including the driver (buses, charter coaches, airport shuttles).

What it covers:

• Loading and unloading passengers safely (especially at stops and intersections)
• Standing passengers: where they’re allowed, overhead clearance rules
• Emergency exits: location requirements, how to operate them, when to use them
• Prohibited items on passenger vehicles (hazardous materials, certain cargo)
• Handling disruptive passengers
• Mirror usage and pre-trip inspection for passenger vehicles
• Railroad crossing rules specific to passenger vehicles (must stop, not just slow down)
• Charter vs. transit bus distinctions

Study tip: Railroad crossing procedure for passenger vehicles is a guaranteed exam topic. Passenger-carrying vehicles must stop at all railroad crossings, open the door, look and listen, then proceed when safe and not just slow down like regular vehicles. Know this cold.

School Bus: Required for S Endorsement

• Questions: 20
• Correct Answers Needed: 16
• Passing Score: 80%
• Time Limit: 30 min

The School Bus section is required on top of the Passenger endorsement for anyone who wants to drive a school bus. You must already qualify for the P endorsement before adding the S endorsement.

What it covers:

• Loading and unloading students: the most safety-critical procedures on a school bus
• Danger zone: the area around the bus where students are at highest risk
• Use of mirrors (8-mirror system used on modern school buses)
• Emergency exit procedures and emergency drills
• Railroad crossing procedures for school buses (always stop — no exceptions)
• Specific rules around school bus stop signs and flashing lights
• Student management and behavior procedures
  Pre-trip inspection specific to school buses

Study tip: The danger zone and mirror system are the two most tested topics in the school bus section. Know the danger zone distances in all directions around the bus and understand which mirror covers which zone.

Full Summary: CDL Permit Test Questions at a Glance

These question counts reflect New Jersey’s CDL permit testing structure. Many states use very similar totals for the main CDL knowledge tests, but some states may use different question counts, passing scores, or test formats.

Class A total (General Knowledge + Air Brakes + Combination Vehicles): 95 questions, all at 80% passing threshold

Class B total (General Knowledge + Air Brakes): 75 questions, all at 80% passing threshold

What Happens If You Fail a Section?

Failing one section doesn’t mean you failed everything. You only need to retake the specific section you didn’t pass since you don’t lose credit for sections you already passed.

Retake rules vary by state, but here’s what’s typical:

• Some states allow you to retake a failed section after a waiting period which is usually 1 to 7 days
• Some states limit the number of attempts within a set window (for example, three attempts before a mandatory waiting period or additional requirements kick in)
• Check with your specific state DMV for the exact retake policy before your first attempt

At Driving Academy, our permit prep resources are designed to get you through on the first attempt. The less time you spend retaking written tests, the faster you get to training and on the road.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What’s the total number of questions for a Class A CDL permit?
95 questions across three tests: 50 General Knowledge + 25 Air Brakes + 20 Combination Vehicles. You must score 80% on each test individually.
What’s the total number of questions for a Class B CDL permit?
75 questions across two tests: 50 General Knowledge + 25 Air Brakes.
What’s the passing score on the CDL permit test?
80% on every section. There’s no averaging — each section must be passed individually.
Can you retake a section you failed?
Yes. You only retake the specific section you failed, you don’t lose credit for sections you already passed. Retake waiting periods and attempt limits vary by state.
Do you need to take all the endorsement tests at once?
No. Endorsements can be added to your CDL at any time during your career. Many drivers get their base CDL first and add endorsements later as their career develops.
Is the CDL permit test hard?

It’s not difficult if you’re prepared. The questions are straightforward and come directly from the CDL Manual. Most people who fail do so because they underestimated how specific the questions are, particularly around numbers, PSI levels, and procedural sequences.

We all know getting that CDL license in your hand is an incredible feeling. But if you aren’t careful about the specific equipment you use during your state DMV exam, you might look at the front of your CDL license and notice a letter stamped under the “Restrictions” column.

A cdl restriction acts as a legal boundary on your commercial driver’s license. It tells employers and law enforcement exactly what types of commercial motor vehicles you’re prohibited from driving.

If you have a restriction code holding your career back, you’re leaving money on the table. Fortunately, these codes aren’t permanent. Below is a complete guide to understanding every major CDL restriction code, how they affect your job options, and the exact steps to remove them.

 
Not sure how a restriction code affects your job hunt?

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What Is A CDL Restriction?

A CDL restriction is a code placed on your commercial driver’s license that limits what you can legally drive. When you take your 3-part CDL skills test, the state requires you to test in a vehicle that accurately matches the type of truck you plan to operate out in the real world. If your test vehicle lacks critical mechanical systems such as a manual gearbox or full air brakes, the state automatically applies a restrictive code to your license.

In simple terms, endorsements add privileges to your CDL, while restrictions take some privileges away. So you might have the right CDL class, but still be blocked from operating certain vehicles because of a restriction on the license.

CDL Restriction Reference Table

Let’s look closer at the most common mechanical and operational restrictions that limit a driver’s day-to-day employment options.

1. E Restriction:

Automatic Transmission Only

The E restriction cdl code has become incredibly common because many modern trucking fleets and driving schools have shifted to automatic trucks. If you take your road skills exam in an automatic commercial vehicle, you are legally restricted from driving a manual transmission CMV.

The Career Impact: While automatic trucks dominate long-haul logistics, holding an automatic transmission restriction cdl prevents you from taking higher-paying regional hauling roles, specialized heavy-haul cargo jobs, or working for carriers that maintain classic 10-speed or 13-speed manual fleets.

2. L Restriction:

No Air Brake Equipped

This is the most limiting restriction a driver can receive. The L restriction cdl indicates that you are legally barred from operating any commercial vehicle equipped with air brakes. This restriction is triggered if you fail the air brakes written exam module, miss air brake components during your pre-trip inspection, or take your road test in a truck utilizing standard hydraulic brakes.

The Career Impact: Because virtually every standard Class A semi-truck and large Class B dump truck over 26,000 pounds relies completely on air brakes, a no air brakes restriction reduces your job options to light box trucks or basic hotshot setups.

3. Z Restriction:

No Full Air Brake System

Similar to the “L” code, a Z restriction means you tested in a truck that uses an air-over-hydraulic braking system rather than a dedicated, full-air setup. While you can drive certain light air-assisted platforms, you are banned from operating standard full-air brake tractor-trailers.

4. O Restriction:

No Tractor-Trailer Connection

If you test for a Class A CDL using a truck pulling a trailer with a pintle hook, ball hitch, or utility connection instead of a standard fifth-wheel kingpin setup, you receive an “O” restriction. This prohibits you from driving traditional semi-truck tractor-trailers, limiting you heavily to specialized utility or hotshot configurations.

5. M and N Restrictions:

Passenger Class Limits

These codes apply when you hold a higher-class baseline license but test for passenger permissions in a smaller vehicle class:

• M Restriction: You hold a Class A CDL but took your Passenger (P) or School Bus (S) road test in a Class B vehicle. You are restricted to driving Class B or C passenger buses only.
• N Restriction: You hold a Class B CDL but performed your passenger test elements in a small Class C vehicle. You cannot drive Class A or B passenger vehicles.

6. K Restriction:

Intrastate Only

The K Restriction restricts you from crossing state lines while hauling commercial freight. This restriction gets trigger when the driver is under 21, selected intrastate self-certification category, or lacks interstate medical clearance.

7. V Restriction:

Medical Variance

If you suffer from a physical condition (such as specific visual impairments or diabetes) that requires an official FMCSA regulatory waiver to operate a CMV, a “V” code is stamped on your license. You must carry your formal medical variance paperwork whenever you are on duty. Learn more about getting a CDL with diabetes.

How To Remove A CDL Restriction

The exact process depends on the restriction, but the general rule is simple:

you usually have to pass the required test again in the correct vehicle or under the correct conditions.

For example, to remove an L restriction, the driver must take the air brake written test and complete skills and drive testing in a vehicle equipped with the proper brake system. 

No restriction code on your license is permanent. If your career goals change or you lose a job opportunity because of a code limitation, you can follow a strategic plan to remove cdl restriction barriers completely.

If you need help removing a restriction, Driving Academy can assist!

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Common Steps Needed To Remove A Restriction:

Step 1: Pinpoint the Correct Training Equipment

To lift an equipment-based restriction, you must retest at the DMV using a vehicle that possesses the missing mechanical features. For an E restriction, you must supply a manual transmission truck. For an O restriction, you must supply a tractor-trailer with a standard fifth-wheel coupling.

Step 2: Get The Training Needed

because you still have to pass a physical DMV road test using a specialized truck configuration, trying to do it without professional practice is incredibly risky. That’s where a premier school like Driving Academy comes in, by providing the equipment and hourly training you need without forcing you into an unnecessary full-length program.

Step 3: Pass the Target DMV Skills Exam Components

You do not have to retake the entire CDL testing from scratch. To lift an equipment-based limitation, you only need to perform the specific exam modules associated with that component. For an automatic-to-manual shift upgrade, you will take a driving exam with an evaluator to demonstrate clean clutch control, downshifting, and double-clutching capabilities.

Step 4: Get your License

Once the state examiner signs off on your proficiency using the correct equipment configuration, the DMV will process your paperwork and print a brand-new, restriction-free commercial driver’s license.

How To Avoid Getting The Wrong CDL Restriction?

The best way to avoid the wrong restriction is to train and test in the same kind of vehicle you actually want to drive for work. If you want to drive a manual truck, do not test in an automatic. If you want full air brake privileges, make sure your testing setup covers that. If you want full Class A capability, do not test in a setup that triggers an O restriction.

This is one reason a good CDL school matters. The right school helps you understand not just how to pass the test, but how to avoid walking away with a license that limits your career. That is why we highly recommend you talk to our free CDL advisor before you start your CDL training!

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FAQ About CDL Restrictions

Can CDL restrictions be removed?
Many of them can. In most cases, the driver has to meet the right requirements and retest in the correct vehicle or setup.
What is the difference between M and N restrictions?
M limits a driver to Class B and C passenger vehicles, while N limits a driver to Class C passenger vehicles only, based on the class of passenger vehicle used during testing.
Do I have to retake the CDL road test to remove a restriction?
Sometimes, yes. It depends on the restriction. In many cases, drivers must retest in the correct vehicle or under the correct conditions to remove the restriction.
Can a CDL restriction affect job opportunities?
Yes. Some employers need drivers who can operate manual trucks, full air brake vehicles, interstate routes, or certain passenger vehicles. A restriction can limit which jobs you qualify for.
How do I know if I have a restriction on my CDL?
The easiest way to know is to look directly at your CDL. Restrictions on most states are printed on the front of the license on the line after the letter “R,” and the description of the restriction is printed on the back of the license. FMCSA also publishes the common CDL restriction codes, including E, L, Z, O, M, N, V, and K, so once you see the code on your license, you can match it to what it means.

Learn More About CDL Restriction

If you’ve just received your CDL and noticed a “Z” printed in the restrictions column, you’re probably wondering what it means and whether it’s going to affect your career. The short answer is yes, it does limit you, but it’s one of the more straightforward restrictions to remove, and you’re not starting from scratch to do it.

This guide covers exactly what the Z restriction is, how it differs from the similar L restriction, how it affects your job options, and the precise steps to get it cleared from your license.

Not Sure Where To Start? Driving Academy Can Help!

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What Is The Z Restriction On A CDL?

A Z restriction on a Commercial Driver’s License indicates that the driver is not authorized to operate a commercial motor vehicle with a full air brake system. The key distinction from the L restriction is that the Z restriction is applied when a driver completes the CDL skills test in a vehicle with partial air brakes or a hydraulic braking system, rather than failing the air brakes portion of the test.

In plain terms: you didn’t necessarily do anything wrong on your test, you just took it in the wrong vehicle. The state is saying, “We haven’t seen you operate a full air brake system yet, so we can’t authorize you to drive one.”

The Z restriction specifically bars you from operating vehicles equipped with a full, dedicated air brake system. That distinction matters, and we’ll break down exactly what it means for what you can and can’t drive.

Z Restriction vs. L Restriction: What’s The Actual Difference?

These two restrictions are closely related and frequently confused. Both prevent you from driving vehicles with full air brakes, but they come from different causes and carry slightly different implications. Understanding which one you have matters because the removal process is the same, but your current driving situation may be different.

The Z restriction is sometimes considered slightly less severe than the L restriction because it typically doesn’t require retaking the air brakes knowledge test, just the skills test in the right vehicle. However, the practical impact on your job options is nearly identical since most Class A and Class B commercial vehicles run on full air brake systems.

One thing worth noting: taking the skills test using a vehicle that has only a partial air brake system will result in the Z restriction being placed on your license rather than clearing the air brake restriction entirely. This is how some drivers end up with a Z instead of a clean license even when they thought they were doing the right thing by testing in a vehicle with some air brake components.

What Causes The Z Restriction?

The Z restriction is applied when a driver completes the CDL skills test in a vehicle with partial air brakes or a hydraulic braking system. This ensures the driver has not yet demonstrated proficiency in operating a vehicle with a full air brake system.

Here are some common scenarios:

1. You tested in an air-over-hydraulic vehicle: This is the most common cause. Air-over-hydraulic braking systems use compressed air to assist a hydraulic braking mechanism which is not the same as a dedicated air brake system. Many smaller commercial vehicles, certain medium-duty trucks, and older equipment use this setup. If that’s what was available at your training school or test site, you got the Z restriction without anyone necessarily telling you it would happen.
2. Your CDL school used hydraulic-braked trucks: Some schools especially smaller or budget-friendly operations train students on vehicles with hydraulic brakes because they’re cheaper to maintain and insure. If your road test vehicle didn’t have a full air brake system, the restriction went on automatically.
3. You weren’t told to specifically request an air brake vehicle for the test: This happens more than it should. Some test sites have both types of vehicles available but default to hydraulic unless you specifically ask for the air brake setup. If nobody walked you through this requirement, you ended up with the Z through no real fault of your own.

How The Z Restriction Affects Your Job Options

The practical career impact of a Z restriction is significant, and it’s worth being honest about that so you can make an informed decision about how urgently to address it.

What you CAN drive with a Z restriction:

• Hydraulic brake commercial vehicles (lighter box trucks, certain medium-duty delivery vehicles)
• Some hotshot setups under 26,000 lbs GCWR
• Certain Class C commercial vehicles
• Vehicles with air-over-hydraulic systems (since the restriction only bars full air brake vehicles)

That last point is worth clarifying. The Z restriction specifically bars full, dedicated air brake systems. A vehicle that uses a hydraulic primary brake system with air-assist components is not the same as a full air brake vehicle so you can still legally operate those with a Z restriction.

Additionally, the air brake restriction applies only to the principal braking system used to stop the vehicle. It is not applicable to an air-assisted mechanism to release the parking brake. So if you’re operating a hydraulic-braked truck that uses a small air mechanism just to release the parking brake, that vehicle is still legal for you to drive.

That said, if your goal is to work in mainstream commercial trucking, the Z restriction needs to come off. The good news is that the removal process is targeted and doesn’t require starting over.

Does Removing The Z Restriction Require ELDT?

This is one of the most commonly misunderstood aspects of restriction removal, and it’s important to get right.

Drivers applying for removal of a restriction from their CDL in accordance with 49 CFR 383.135(b)(7), which includes the no air brake (L), no full air brake (Z), and no manual transmission (E) restriction, are not subject to the Entry-Level Driver Training regulations.

That means you do not need to enroll in a federally registered ELDT program or complete a full CDL training course through a Training Provider Registry school just to remove your Z restriction. The federal ELDT requirement doesn’t apply to restriction removal.

 
What you do need is to pass the skills test in a vehicle equipped with full air brakes, and potentially pass the air brakes knowledge test if you haven’t already done so. Whether you get professional practice time before that test is up to you, but it’s strongly recommended. Showing up to a skills test in an unfamiliar air brake vehicle without adequate practice is a common way to fail.

Driving Academy Can Provide You With The Training Needed To Pass!

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How To Remove The Z Restriction?

Here’s the exact process to clear the Z restriction from your CDL.

Step 1: Check Whether You Need to Retake the Air Brakes Knowledge Test

The first thing to confirm is whether you already passed the air brakes written knowledge test when you got your CLP. Check your original permit documentation or contact your state DMV.

If you already passed the air brakes knowledge test: You may be able to proceed directly to the skills test without retaking the written exam. Check with your specific state DMV requirements which vary slightly by state.
If you did not pass the air brakes knowledge test, or never took it: You’ll need to pass it before you can proceed to the skills test. Study the Air Brakes section of your state’s CDL Manual thoroughly. The test covers air brake components, pre-trip inspection procedures, brake lag, stopping distances, dual air brake systems, and low-pressure warning systems.

Step 2: Update Your CDL Permit (If Required)

Some states require you to obtain an updated CLP that reflects air brake authorization before they’ll allow you to schedule the skills test. This typically involves visiting your state DMV, showing that you’ve passed the air brakes knowledge test, and paying a standard permit reissuance fee.

Check your state’s specific requirements before scheduling a skills test to avoid showing up and being turned away.

Step 3: Get Practice Time in a Full Air Brake Vehicle

This step is critical and shouldn’t be rushed. There’s a meaningful difference between driving a hydraulic-braked truck and a full air brake system, and you need enough seat time to be comfortable before the examiner gets in the cab.

Key things to practice:

1. Air brake pre-trip inspection. This is the part of the skills test that catches the most people off guard. You’ll need to walk through the full air brake system inspection， including building pressure to governor cutoff, checking for air leaks by monitoring the gauge after engine shutdown, testing the low-pressure warning device, testing the spring brake pop-out pressure, and verifying the air loss rate falls within acceptable limits. Know every step of this procedure cold before test day.
2. Brake feel and response. Air brakes have a slight lag between pressing the pedal and full brake engagement which is called brake lag, and it directly affects stopping distance. If you’re used to hydraulic brakes, you’ll need time to adjust to this feel before you’re driving confidently and smoothly enough to pass a road test.
3. Air pressure management. Understand how the air compressor builds and maintains pressure, what the governor cutoff and cut-in pressures are, and what to do if pressure drops below the safe operating threshold.

Step 4: Pass the CDL Skills Test in a Full Air Brake Vehicle

Schedule your CDL skills test at your state DMV or through an approved third-party tester like Driving Academy. The test itself has the same three components regardless of which restriction you’re removing:

• Pre-trip vehicle inspection: with complete air brake system walkthrough
• Basic vehicle control: backing maneuvers (offset, straight-line, alley dock)
• Road test: On-road driving test

Bring to the test:

• Your valid CLP (updated if required by your state)
• Valid registration and insurance for the test vehicle
• Your accompanying CDL holder’s license if required

Step 5: Get Your New CDL Issued

Once you pass the skills test, go to your state DMV and submit your passing results along with the standard CDL reissuance application and fee. Your updated CDL will be issued without the Z restriction. 

If You Need Assistance With This Process, Driving Academy Can Help!

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Frequently Asked Questions

Is the Z restriction the same as the L restriction?

No, though they’re closely related. Both prevent you from driving full air brake vehicles. The difference is in the cause: the L restriction typically results from failing the air brakes knowledge test or testing in a non-air brake vehicle, while the Z restriction results specifically from testing in a partial air or hydraulic brake vehicle, not from failing a test. The removal process is similar for both, but the Z may not require retaking the knowledge test if you already passed it.

Do I have to retake the full CDL skills test to remove the Z restriction?
Yes, you need to retake the skills test in a full air brake vehicle. You don’t have to retake the general knowledge test or restart the CDL process from scratch. It’s a targeted retest, not a full redo.
Can I drive any air brake vehicle after removing the Z restriction?
Yes. Once the Z restriction is removed from your CDL, you’re authorized to operate commercial vehicles with full air brake systems. No further steps are required as long as your CDL class covers the vehicles you want to drive.
Can I drive a vehicle with an air-assisted parking brake release if I have a Z restriction?

Yes. According to the FMCSA, the air brake restriction applies only to the vehicle’s principal braking system. A vehicle that stops using hydraulic brakes but uses a small air-assisted mechanism to release the parking brake is still legal to drive with a Z restriction.

Hey future trucker, if you’re looking at your CDL and you see the letter “L” printed under the Restrictions column, I want you to know two things right away.

• First, you are not alone! This is one of the most common restrictions we see on new drivers’ licenses.
• Second, it is absolutely removable. It just takes knowing the right steps.

In this guide we are going to break down exactly what the L restriction means, why you got it, how badly it limits your job options. Most importantly, we’re gonna talk about the exact step-by-step process to get it removed so nothing is standing between you and the career you want.

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What Is the L Restriction on a CDL?

An L restriction on a Commercial Driver’s License indicates that the driver is not authorized to operate a commercial motor vehicle equipped with air brakes. In plain terms: If your CDL has an L restriction, you cannot legally get behind the wheel of any truck, bus, or commercial vehicle that uses an air brake system as its primary means of stopping.

Since most CMVs over 26,000 pounds rely on air brakes, an L restriction can significantly limit employment opportunities for those pursuing a Class A or Class B CDL. Think about that for a second. If you want to drive a standard tractor-trailer, a large dump truck, a transit bus, or most Class A and Class B commercial vehicles, those all run on air brakes. The L restriction essentially closes the door on the majority of high-paying commercial driving jobs until you get it removed.

What Causes the L Restriction?

The L restriction is applied when a driver does not pass the air brakes knowledge test, or takes the CDL skills test in a vehicle that does not use air brakes. More specifically, here are all the ways you can end up with an L on your license:

• You failed the air brakes written knowledge test at the DMV. The air brakes section is a separate module on the CDL permit exam. If you skipped it or didn’t pass it, the restriction gets applied automatically.
• You didn’t take the air brakes knowledge test at all. This catches a lot of first-time applicants off guard. If you show up to the DMV, pass your general knowledge test, and walk out with your CLP without taking the air brakes module, the L restriction goes on your permit and carries forward to your CDL.
• You took your CDL skills test in a vehicle without air brakes. Many CDL schools train students on trucks with hydraulic brake systems because they’re cheaper to maintain. If your road test vehicle didn’t have air brakes, the restriction gets added regardless of how well you drove.

Also there are technically two different air brake restriction codes which are the L restriction and the Z restriction, and they are slightly different. Let’s make sure you know which one you actually have.

L Restriction vs. Z Restriction

These two get confused constantly, and it matters because the removal process is slightly different.

If you have the L restriction, you will not be able to drive a vehicle with any type of air brake system. Taking the skills test using a vehicle that has only a partial air brake system will result in the Z restriction being placed on your license instead.
So when you go to remove your L restriction, make sure you test in a vehicle with a full air brake system, not a partial one or you’ll trade your L for a Z instead of clearing it entirely.

How Does the L Restriction Affect Your Job Options?

Let’s be completely straight with you here, because this is important if you’re job hunting right now with an L restriction on your license.

• Class A driving jobs: severely limited. Standard tractor-trailers, flatbeds, tankers, refrigerated units, virtually all of them run on full air brakes. If you hold a Class A CDL with an L restriction, most Class A job postings will screen you out before you even get to the interview.
• Class B driving jobs: heavily limited. Large dump trucks, transit buses, and most heavy straight trucks over 26,000 pounds use air brakes. The L restriction eliminates most of these too.

What you CAN drive with an L restriction:

• Light box trucks with hydraulic brakes (think smaller delivery vehicles)
• Hotshot setups using pickup trucks and gooseneck trailers (under 26,000 lbs combined)
• Certain smaller Class C commercial vehicles

The reality is that almost all vehicles over 26,000 pounds use air brakes, making the L restriction very limiting for those looking for Class A or B CDL jobs.

There is one specific scenario worth knowing about that no other article covers: a driver with an air brake restriction may operate a CMV equipped with a hydraulic braking system that has an air-assisted parking brake release. The air brake restriction applies only to the principal braking system used to stop the vehicle, it is not applicable to an air-assisted mechanism to release the parking brake. So if you encounter a hydraulic-braked truck that uses a small air assist just for the parking brake release, that vehicle is still legal for you to drive.

But bottom line is that if you want a real career in trucking, the L restriction needs to come off. The good news is it’s one of the most straightforward restrictions to remove.

If you need help lifting the L restriction and make more money,

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Does Removing the L Restriction Require ELDT?

This is a question we get a lot, and the answer is worth knowing clearly before you start the process.

Drivers applying for removal of a restriction from their CDL which includes the no air brake (L), no full air brake (Z), and no manual transmission (E) restriction are not subject to the Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT) regulations.

That means you do not need to enroll in a federally registered ELDT program or complete a full course with a Training Provider Registry school just to remove your L restriction.

That said, practically speaking, you still need to actually know how to operate air brakes and pass both the written and skills tests. Getting professional training before you attempt the tests is absolutely worth it. Showing up to a skills test in an air brake truck without proper practice is how people fail and waste time. That’s where Driving Academy can help as we have half course that provides the equipment and training you need without forcing you through an unnecessary full-length CDL program.

How to Remove the L Restriction

Here is the exact process. Follow these steps in order and nothing will slow you down.

Step 1: Pass the Air Brakes Knowledge Test

Your first stop is the DMV. You need to take and pass the Air Brakes written knowledge test. This is the written exam module that covers how air brake systems work, their components, inspection procedures, and safe operation.

What the test covers:

• Air brake system components (compressor, reservoirs, valves, chambers)
• How to perform an air brake check during pre-trip inspection
• Brake lag and stopping distance differences vs. hydraulic brakes
• Spring brakes and parking brake operation
• Air loss rate limits and low pressure warning systems
• Dual air brake systems

Study the Air Brakes section of your state’s CDL Manual thoroughly. This is not a long section but it is specific. You need to know the inspection procedures and the federal limits (for example, air pressure loss rates, minimum pressure before driving) cold.

The good news is that the air brakes test can be retaken as many times as necessary until the restriction is lifted. So if you don’t pass the first time, you can come back and try again.

Step 2: Get Your Updated CLP/Permit

In most states, once you pass the air brakes written test, your CLP needs to be updated to reflect that you now have air brake testing authorization. The driver must purchase a CDL permit with the restriction removed before proceeding to the skills test.

Step 3: Train in a Full Air Brake Vehicle

This is where you prepare for the skills test. You need practice time behind the wheel of a commercial vehicle equipped with a full air brake system and not hydraulic, not air-over-hydraulic, but full air brakes.

During your training, focus specifically on:

• Air brake pre-trip inspection: You will need to walk the examiner through the complete air brake inspection during your skills test. This includes checking for air leaks, testing low pressure warning devices, testing the spring brake pop-out, and checking the brake pedal for proper feel and response. This is the part most people underprepare for.
• Air brake feel and application: Air brakes respond differently than hydraulic brakes. There is a slight lag between pressing the pedal and full brake engagement. Stopping distances are longer in certain conditions. You need enough seat time to feel comfortable and natural with the system before the examiner gets in that cab.
• Air loss rate check: During pre-trip, you will be expected to build air pressure to governor cutoff, turn off the engine, release the service brakes, and then monitor the air pressure gauge. You need to know the acceptable loss rate limits cold.

Step 4: Pass the CDL Skills Test in an Air Brake Vehicle

Schedule your CDL skills test at your state DMV or through an approved third-party tester. Complete the skills test in a vehicle equipped with air brakes, including both the vehicle inspection and on-road driving portions.

The three parts of the skills test remain the same:

• Pre-trip vehicle inspection with full air brake system walkthrough
• Basic vehicle control (backing maneuvers)
• On-road driving test

Make sure the vehicle you use for the test is properly documented — you’ll need the registration and insurance for the vehicle. If you are using a Driving Academy vehicle, we handle all of that for you.

Step 5: Get Your New CDL Issued

Once you complete the skills test successfully, obtain a new CDL with the L restriction removed. Standard licensing fees apply. Go to your state DMV, submit your passing test results, pay the standard CDL issuance fee, and your new license will be issued without the L restriction on it.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does L restriction mean on a CDL?

It means you are not authorized to operate any commercial motor vehicle that uses air brakes as its primary braking system. It was either triggered by failing the air brakes knowledge test or by completing your CDL skills test in a vehicle without air brakes.

Can I still drive with an L restriction on my CDL?

Yes, you can still drive commercial vehicles that use hydraulic brakes. However, since the vast majority of Class A and Class B commercial vehicles use air brakes, the L restriction severely limits your job options in most segments of the industry.

Do I have to retake the full CDL road test to remove the L restriction?

You need to retake the skills test, but only in a vehicle with air brakes. You do not need to retake the general knowledge test or start the CDL process from scratch. The removal process is specifically targeted at the air brake components.

Is ELDT required to remove an L restriction?

No. Federal FMCSA rules specifically exempt L, Z, and E restriction removals from the ELDT requirement. You need to pass the air brakes knowledge test and the skills test in an air brake vehicle, but you do not need to complete a full ELDT program.

What’s the difference between an L restriction and a Z restriction?

The L restriction means no air brake vehicles at all, you tested in a hydraulic brake vehicle or failed the air brake test. The Z restriction means no full air brake vehicles, you tested in a vehicle with a partial or air-over-hydraulic system. The Z is slightly less restrictive than the L, but both need to be removed for full Class A and B driving privileges.

Can a driver with an L restriction drive a truck with an air-assisted parking brake?

Yes. According to the FMCSA, the air brake restriction applies only to the vehicle’s principal braking system. A truck that uses hydraulic brakes to stop but has an air-assisted mechanism to release the parking brake is still legal to drive with an L restriction.

Hey future trucker, if you want to drive cargo that talks back to you, you’re going to need a Passenger endorsement (P endorsement). A lot of drivers get confused here because they already have a CDL and assume they can just take one test and call it a day. That is not how it works. In most first-time P endorsement cases, you need the right permit/testing setup, the right training, and a full road test in the right kind of passenger vehicle. 

The good news is that the process is not hard once you know the order. The bad news is that if you do the steps in the wrong order, you can waste time, money, and a whole lot of patience. So let’s break it down the simple way.

Need help figuring out the right next step?

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What Is a Passenger Endorsement?

A Passenger endorsement is what lets a CDL driver operate certain passenger-carrying commercial vehicles. It is usually required for commercial vehicles designed to carry 16 or more people, including the driver.

What Vehicles Usually Require a Passenger Endorsement?

Usually, if the vehicle is built to carry a large group of passengers, there is a good chance a Passenger endorsement is part of the legal requirement.

Common examples include:

• City buses
• Charter buses
• Transit buses
• Shuttle buses
• Airport shuttles
• Church buses
• Tour buses
• Some large passenger vans
• School buses (along with the S endorsement)

So if your goal is to drive one of these, your regular CDL may not be enough. The P endorsement is the part that tells the state you passed the extra testing for passenger vehicles.

Passenger (P) vs. School Bus (S) Endorsements

A frequent point of confusion for new drivers is the difference between the “P” and the “S” endorsements.

• Passenger (P) Endorsement: Authorizes you to drive general commercial passenger vehicles, such as city transit buses, tour coaches, airport shuttles, and private transport vans.
• School Bus (S) Endorsement: A highly specific, separate qualification required explicitly for transporting students to and from school or school-sanctioned events.

Important Regulatory Rule: You cannot obtain a School Bus endorsement without first passing the prerequisites for the standard Passenger endorsement. Think of the Passenger endorsement as the baseline foundation, while the School Bus qualification is a separate safety layer.

Steps To Get A Passenger Endorsement

Step 1: Get Your Permit Situation Straight

This is where a lot of people get thrown off. If you‘re adding a Passenger endorsement for the first time, you usually need to go through the permit and testing process tied to that endorsement. FMCSA’s CDL rules say a CLP holder with a P endorsement must have taken and passed the P endorsement knowledge test. They also say that the P endorsement on a CLP is class specific.
That means if you already have a CDL, you still need to make sure your permit/testing setup matches the type of passenger vehicle you want to drive. This is not just about having “a CDL.” It is about having the right class and the right endorsement path.

Step 2: Complete Passenger ELDT

Under federal law, any driver seeking to obtain a passenger endorsement for the first time must successfully complete a standardized training program. Unlike Hazmat, Passenger ELDT includes both theory and behind-the-wheel training.

In simple terms, that means you can’t just take the written test  and expect to be done. You need training from a provider listed in the Training Provider Registry such as Driving Academy, and the state has to be able to verify that you completed it before certain endorsement testing can move forward.

FMCSA also says theory and behind-the-wheel training can come from different listed providers, as long as both providers are in the registry and both submit the training records.

If you want help getting your Passenger ELDT done the right way, contact Driving Academy and let us help you avoid the usual mistakes.

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Step 3: Pass the Passenger Written Test

Once your permit setup is right, the next step is the written test. The Passenger knowledge test covers topics such as loading and unloading passengers, emergency exits, emergency situations, and other passenger-safety issues.

A lot of drivers think this is just “normal CDL stuff with a few extra questions.” It is not. Passenger vehicles come with different safety issues, and the state expects you to know them before you move on to the road test.

Step 4: Pass the Passenger Road Test in a Bus or Other Passenger Vehicle

This is the part many drivers underestimate.

To get a Passenger endorsement, you have to pass the skills test in the right kind of passenger vehicle. Since Passenger endorsement is class specific, the vehicle you test in would matters.

That means the road test is not just “do the same thing you did in a tractor-trailer, but on a bus.” Some parts are similar, but some parts are different. You still have:

• Pre-Trip Inspection: You must walk the examiner through a comprehensive, bumper-to-bumper physical safety inspection. You will check fluid levels, suspension components, steering systems, and passenger-specific safety variables (such as verifying that every passenger emergency exit opens smoothly and triggers an audible warning buzzer in the cockpit).
• Basic Vehicle Control: You must execute the closed-range backing maneuvers you practiced during your training, without striking boundaries or accumulating excessive corrective pull-ups.
• The On-Road Driving Test: The evaluator rides with you on a live route to score your defensive driving habits, turn execution, mirror check frequencies, and your adherence to specialized passenger safety laws at railroad crossings and intersections.

Step 5: Get the Endorsement Added

Once you complete the training, pass both the written and road tests. The final step would be going back to the DMV/MVC so the Passenger endorsement can be added to your CDL.

That part doesn’t happen automatically. You still need to finish the state process and make sure the endorsement is actually added to your license record.

We want to make sure you get your P endorsement,

contact Driving Academy and we can help.

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Costs, Processing Timelines, and Endorsement Maintenance

Earning your professional credential requires an investment of both time and money. Mapping out a budget keeps your career transition moving smoothly without surprise financial roadblocks.

Estimated Cost Breakdown

While state DMV application fees are generally inexpensive, the mandated ELDT certification courses make up the largest share of your total investment.

• DMV Written Test & Application Fees: $20 – $50 (Varies by state)
• ELDT Theory Course (Online or Classroom): $75 – $250
• Behind-the-Wheel Training Packages: $1500 – $5,500 (Dependent on whether you need a full commercial course or are simply adding an endorsement to an existing commercial license)
• DOT Medical Exam Certification: $75 – $150

Processing Timelines

If you already possess a baseline CDL and simply need to add the passenger qualification, the process can often be completed in 2 to 3 weeks, provided you line up open slots for your ELDT training and DMV testing. If you are starting completely from scratch without a base commercial license, expect the comprehensive journey to span 6 to 8 weeks.

Keeping Your Endorsement Active

A passenger endorsement remains active as long as your baseline license remains valid. However, you must continuously protect your status by maintaining an active medical certification. If you let your DOT medical card expire, your state DMV will systematically downgrade your commercial status to a standard passenger car license, automatically invalidating your passenger transport privileges until you re-comply.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I get a passenger endorsement without a CDL?
In most cases, yes, but with an important distinction. The Passenger (P) endorsement must be attached to a CDL, which means you need at minimum a Class B CDL to legally drive a vehicle requiring a P endorsement. However, some states allow you to pursue the CLP with a P endorsement before you hold a full CDL, as part of the process of getting both at the same time. Bottom line: you cannot operate a commercial passenger vehicle without both a CDL and a P endorsement in place.
What is the difference between a P and an S endorsement?
The Passenger (P) endorsement qualifies you to operate general commercial passenger vehicles: city buses, charter coaches, airport shuttles, and similar vehicles designed to carry 16 or more people including the driver. The School Bus (S) endorsement is a separate, additional qualification specifically for transporting students to and from school or school-sanctioned events. You cannot obtain an S endorsement without first satisfying the prerequisites for the P endorsement, the P is the foundation the S endorsement is built on.
Is the ELDT passenger theory training available online?

Yes. The FMCSA explicitly allows the classroom theory portion of your Entry-Level Driver Training to be fulfilled via an accredited online course provider, as long as they are officially listed on the Training Provider Registry. The practical behind-the-wheel training component, however, must be completed in-person with a certified instructor.

Do I have to take a road test to add a passenger endorsement?

Yes. If you do not currently hold a passenger endorsement, you must complete a practical skills road test at the DMV using a representative passenger vehicle. This ensures you can safely operate a vehicle carrying a large number of occupants.

What happens if the vehicle I test in has air brakes?

If the passenger vehicle you use for your practical road test does not have an air brake system, the DMV will place an air brake restriction on your commercial license. This restriction legally bars you from driving large commercial buses equipped with air brakes. To avoid this limitation, ensure you take your written air brake exam and use an air-brake-equipped vehicle for your final skills test.

How many passengers can I drive with a standard license?

Under federal guidelines, you can drive a vehicle designed to carry up to 15 passengers (including the driver) using a standard, non-commercial driver’s license. The moment a vehicle’s design configuration is rated to hold 16 or more occupants, it triggers commercial classification, requiring a CDL and a passenger endorsement.

Learn More About Getting A Passenger Endorsement

If you look closely at your commercial driver’s license, you might see a small letter “K” printed under the restrictions section. For many truck drivers, that single letter is a major roadblock to their career.

A “K” restriction locks you into driving within the borders of a single state, completely cutting you off from high-paying over-the-road (OTR) routes, regional freight lines, and interstate commerce.

The good news? Removing a K restriction and upgrading your CDL from intrastate to interstate is surprisingly simple. It does not require going back to truck driving school or retaking your DMV road test. It is entirely a matter of updating your medical paperwork.

Below is the complete, step-by-step guide on what a K restriction means and exactly how to remove it from your license.

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What is a K Restriction on a CDL?

A K restriction is a legal limitation placed on a Commercial Driver’s License indicating that the driver is restricted to intrastate operation only.

• Intrastate (With a K Restriction): You may only transport commercial cargo within the borders of your home state. You cannot cross state lines, and you cannot transport freight that originated outside of your state (even if you are only driving it to a local warehouse).
• Interstate (No K Restriction): You are legally cleared to drive commercial motor vehicles across all 50 states, international borders (Canada/Mexico), and haul interstate freight.

Why do drivers get a K restriction in the first place?

There are three common reasons the DMV or MVC applies a K restriction to a CDL:

• Age Requirements: Federal law mandates that you must be at least 21 years old to drive a commercial vehicle across state lines. If you earn your CDL between the ages of 18 and 20, you are automatically given a K restriction until your 21st birthday.
• Medical Self-Certification Errors: When applying for a permit or license, many students accidentally check the wrong box on their state’s medical self-certification form, declaring themselves “intrastate” by mistake.
• Missing DOT Medical Card: If you fail to keep a valid DOT physical examiner’s certificate on file with your state’s licensing agency, the state will automatically downgrade your license or place a K restriction on it to keep you from driving interstate.

Why You Should Change Your CDL to Interstate

If you are eligible to drive interstate, removing your K restriction should be a top priority. Limiting yourself to intrastate driving severely reduces your job options and earning potential.

Most major logistics companies, freight lines, and high-paying private fleets operate across state lines. Furthermore, even local driving jobs often require hauling cargo that originated out-of-state or out-of-country. If your license has a K restriction, you are legally disqualified from taking those local routes, even if you never physically cross a state border.

Removing a K restriction opens up state lines, but if you are still driving a Class B vehicle or lacking premium endorsements, you are still missing out on the biggest paychecks in the industry. At Driving Academy, we offer fast-track, FMCSA-approved courses designed specifically for existing drivers who want to maximize their license.

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How to Change Your CDL from Intrastate to Interstate?

To transition your CDL from intrastate to interstate and remove the K restriction, you must update your status with your state’s DMV or MVC.

Follow this exact checklist:

Step 1: Secure a Valid DOT Medical Card

Interstate commercial driving requires strict medical compliance under the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). If you do not have a current DOT physical, or if your physical was only valid for intrastate driving, you must schedule an appointment with a certified medical examiner on the National Registry. Once you pass the physical, the doctor will hand you your Form MCSA-5876 (Medical Examiner’s Certificate).

Step 2: Fill Out a New Medical Self-Certification Form

This is the paperwork where most drivers make mistakes. You must fill out your state’s official CDL Self-Certification form. To legally clear yourself for interstate driving, you must check the box for Category 1: Non-Excepted Interstate (NEI). * Tip: Checking this box explicitly tells the state that you operate across state lines and that you are subject to federal medical standards.

Step 3: Submit Your Paperwork to the DMV/MVC

Take your new DOT Medical Card and your completed Self-Certification form and submit them to your state licensing agency. Depending on your state, this can often be done online through their commercial driver portal, via email, or by visiting a local CDL licensing center in person.

Step 4: Pay the Duplicate License Fee

Because a K restriction is physically printed on the face of your hard-plastic license, the DMV cannot simply update their computer system, they must issue you a new physical card. You will need to pay your state’s standard duplicate or corrected license fee to have a clean CDL printed without the “K” restriction code.

Understanding the Four Self-Certification Categories

This is where most drivers make mistakes — and it’s the single most important thing to get right when removing a K restriction. When you fill out your state’s CDL Self-Certification form, you must declare which of the four federal operating categories applies to you. Picking the wrong one is exactly how drivers end up with a K restriction they didn’t intend to have.

Here’s what each category actually means:

To remove your K restriction, you must select Category 1: Non-Excepted Interstate.
This explicitly tells your state DMV that you operate across state lines and that you are subject to full federal medical standards under the FMCSA. If you are currently in Category 3 or 4, that is why the K restriction is on your license. Updating this form, combined with a valid DOT medical card, is all it takes to clear it.
Common mistake: Many drivers accidentally select Category 3 (Non-Excepted Intrastate) when they first apply for their CDL. Applicant usually weren’t sure what they’d be doing yet, or because nobody explained the difference. If that’s you, this is an easy fix. You are not locked into whatever you originally selected.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Do I have to retake the CDL road test to remove a K restriction?

No. As long as your CDL is currently active and in good standing, removing a K restriction is purely an administrative and medical paperwork update. You do not need to take any written or skills tests.

Can I remove a K restriction if I am under 21?

No. Federal safety regulations strictly prohibit drivers under the age of 21 from operating commercial motor vehicles in interstate commerce. If you are under 21, you must wait until your 21st birthday to submit your updated paperwork and remove the restriction.

How much does it cost to change from intrastate to interstate?

The medical exam itself usually costs between $75 and $120 depending on the clinic. Beyond the physical, the only DMV cost is your state’s local corrected/duplicate license fee, which typically ranges from $10 to $30.

What happens if I drive across state lines with a K restriction?

Driving outside your restricted territory is a serious federal and state violation. If you are caught by DOT enforcement crossing state lines with a K restriction, you can face hefty personal fines, your vehicle can be placed out of service immediately, and your CDL could face suspension.

Unlock the Highest-Paying Jobs in Trucking

Removing a K restriction opens the door to regional and OTR routes, but do you have the right license class to back it up? Upgrading from a Class B to a Class A CDL is the fastest way to double your job opportunities.

Feel free to talk to Driving Academy about options to unlock higher earning potential!

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Hey future trucker! Today, we’re gonna dive deep into a topic that has the whole industry talking: hot shot trucking.

This is a “hot” topic for a lot of people (pun intended!), but there’s also a lot of mystery surrounding it. Most people don’t fully know what they’re getting themselves into before they actually get started. So, in this guide, we are going to talk about exactly what hot shot trucking is, what the rules are, what kind of freight you can haul, and answer the ultimate question: Do you need a CDL license for one?

Let’s get rolling!

What is Hot Shot Trucking?

At its core, hot shot trucking is just the ability to transport things using a pickup truck. Now, you might be thinking, “Well, a pickup truck can’t really be transporting that many things, right?”

Correct! That’s where you attach a trailer to the back of a pickup truck, and you use that to transport things from Point A to Point B.

That is all hot shot trucking is. You aren’t driving a massive 18-wheeler, but you are still moving important freight!

What Kind of Freight Do Hot Shot Truckers Haul?

Because hot shot truckers don’t use massive 53-foot semi-trailers, they specialize in moving smaller, highly time-sensitive loads. Companies use hot shots when they need freight moved fast and can’t wait for a traditional freight hauler to fill up an entire semi-truck.

If you become a hot shot driver, you will typically haul things like:

• Construction materials and machinery needed immediately at a job site.
• Agricultural equipment, like small tractors or farming supplies.
• Time-sensitive manufacturing parts to prevent a factory from shutting down.
• Vehicles, RVs, or boats.

Types of Hot Shot Trailers

The type of freight you can carry depends heavily on the trailer you attach to your truck. The most common trailers used in the hot shot industry include:

• Gooseneck Trailers: This is the most popular choice for serious hot shotters. Instead of attaching to the back bumper, a gooseneck hitch is mounted directly inside the bed of the pickup truck (over the rear axle). This provides much more stability and allows the truck to pull heavier loads safely.
• Bumper Pull Trailers: These attach to the standard hitch on the back of the truck. They are generally cheaper and easier to use but cannot carry as much weight as a gooseneck.
• Dovetail Trailers: These have a rear ramp that slopes down to the ground, making them perfect for driving wheeled equipment (like cars or small tractors) right up onto the trailer bed.

Hot Shot Rules: Interstate vs. Intrastate

There are different rules when it comes to hot shot trucking depending on where you are driving.

When you’re actually traveling across state lines, you’re going to be dealing with interstate commerce. This means there are going to be certain federal rules that you’re going to have to be aware of such as maintaining your time logs, especially if you are traveling more than a 150-mile radius around your starting destination.

If you’re staying within your own state (intrastate commerce), there are generally fewer rules. You can see how complicated this can actually be right out of the gate!

Do You Need a CDL for Hot Shot Trucking?

One of the biggest things that people don’t understand is how much weight you can carry. When it comes to the weight, the rules are simple but strict. It all comes down to the Gross Combined Weight Rating (GCWR) of your truck and trailer:

• No CDL Required: If the overall vehicle and trailer combined are rated to carry LESS than 26,000 lbs, no CDL is required.
• Class B CDL Required: If the overall vehicle is rated to carry MORE than 26,000 lbs, but the trailer is less than 10,000 lbs, you’re going to need a CDL Class B license.
• Class A CDL Required: If the overall vehicle is rated to carry more than 26,000 lbs AND the trailer is more than 10,000 lbs, you are required to get a CDL Class A license.

The Heavy Trailer Trap ( $5,000 Fine)

This is one of the biggest misunderstandings when it comes to hot shot truck drivers. In many cases, when you add the heavy trailer to the big pickup truck and you put the freight weight on top of it, you’re going to be over 26,000 lbs. This means you are legally required to get a CDL.

Most people get into this field because they don’t want to get a CDL, but they can get in trouble down the road. If you’re caught operating a vehicle that’s over 26,000 lbs without a CDL license, the fine can be $5,000 or higher depending on the state that you’re in. It is super, super important that you don’t get yourself caught up in a situation that’s going to cost you thousands of dollars in the future.

Pros and Cons of Hot Shot Trucking

So now you might be thinking: If I’m going to need a CDL license in most cases anyway, why would I go for a hot shot versus a tractor-trailer?

The Pros

• Lower Startup Costs: You can often buy a pickup truck and a trailer cheaper than a semi-truck.
• No CDL Needed (If you stay small): If you want to start off smaller, are limited on what you can carry, and keep the weight strictly below 26,000 lbs, you don’t need a CDL license. It is one less step.
• Be Your Own Boss: It’s a great way to start a small business.

The Cons

• Limited Capacity: You don’t have that much space to carry things, which means you’re going to be limited on what type of loads you can carry (and how much money you can make).
• Sky-High Maintenance Costs: In many cases, hot shot truckers are using pickup trucks to do things that they were never designed to do. Pulling super heavy things, going uphill, downhill, and wearing out brakes, all of those things add up. Your ongoing maintenance costs will start stacking up not in your favor.

Hot Shot vs. Tractor-Trailer: Which is the Better Investment?

If you want to make more money because you want to transport a higher quantity of things, getting a CDL and driving a tractor-trailer is probably going to be the best option for you.

While the startup costs for a tractor-trailer are going to be a little bit higher, think about it this way: if you take a used tractor-trailer compared to a brand new pickup truck with all the bells and whistles, the prices might be very similar. Furthermore, the used tractor-trailer is built to transport heavy things all day long! The maintenance costs will often be a lot lower than constantly fixing a brand new pickup truck.

FAQs About Hotshot Trucking

Why is it called hotshot trucking?

It is called hotshot trucking because the loads are usually urgent or important enough to need faster delivery. In many cases, hotshot drivers are hired to move freight that cannot wait for a standard shipping schedule.

What kind of truck is used for hotshot trucking?

Hotshot trucking is usually done with a heavy-duty pickup truck, such as a one-ton truck, paired with the right type of trailer. The exact setup depends on the weight and type of freight being hauled.

What kind of trailer is used for hotshot trucking?

The most common trailers used in hotshot trucking are gooseneck trailers, bumper pull trailers, and dovetail trailers. The right trailer depends on the type of cargo, how much weight needs to be carried, and how the freight needs to be loaded.

What is the difference between hotshot trucking and regular trucking?

The biggest difference is the size of the load and the vehicle being used. Hotshot trucking usually handles smaller loads with a pickup and trailer, while regular trucking often uses a semi-truck and full-size trailer for larger freight.

Do you need a CDL for hotshot trucking?

Not always. Whether you need a CDL for hotshot trucking depends on the combined weight rating of the truck and trailer, along with how the equipment is being used. Some hotshot setups are non-CDL, while heavier ones may require a CDL.

Is hotshot trucking good for beginners?

Hotshot trucking can be a good option for some beginners, but it still requires planning, safe driving, and a good understanding of equipment and freight. It may look simpler than big-rig trucking, but it still comes with real responsibility.

Learn More About Hotshot Trucking

If you’re thinking about becoming a truck driver, in the Garden State, one of the first questions you’ll almost certainly ask is: how much do CDL drivers make in New Jersey?

It can be confusing because different sources give you very different numbers. That’s why we put together this article to clear up the confusion, and explain how much CDL drivers ACTUALLY make in New Jersey.

Average New Jersey Truck Driver Salary

Average Salary in US

$
20
/year

As a CDL Truck Driver, you will have job opportunities to earn an average of $70K per year or more, across the United States.

_*Indeed

Average Salary in NJ

$
5
/year

Truck driver in New Jersey have access to jobs with annual earning averaged over $95,000 with top earners getting well over $150,000/year.

Truckers in NJ

20
Drivers

There’s a shortage of qualified drivers in the Garden State! CDL training can open the door to 3,800 to 5,300+ active CDL driver job openings in NJ and 1000’s more in NY, PA and DE.

Truck Driver Salary In NJ

Truck driver salaries in New Jersey can range anywhere from $54,000 all the way up to $210,000 according to job listings on Indeed.

In the great state of New Jersey the average trucker driver makes over $95,000 per year.

That’s almost $20,000 more per year than the overall average salary is $76,320 in Jersey.

And for those without college degrees that average drops down to just $35,468 in NJ.

Even the lowest paying CDL job in New Jersey pays over $18,000 more than the average salary for non-college graduates

With just a CDL license (which can often be earned in a matter of weeks) drivers can step into jobs that offer solid starting pay, consistent demand and clear paths to even higher earnings.

Regardless of where you live, truck driving is one of the most lucrative careers you can pursue without a college degree.

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What Changes Truck Driver Pay in New Jersey?

Truck driver pay in New Jersey can vary a lot from one job to another.

Two drivers may have a very different paycheck based on the type of license they hold, the kind of freight they haul, the routes they run, or the company they work for. That is why there is no one-size-fits-all answer when people ask how much truck drivers make in New Jersey. Your pay usually depends on a combination of experience, job type, and the value you bring to an employer.

The biggest things that can change your pay include:

1. Your experience level

New drivers usually start at the lower end of the pay range because they are still building time on the road and proving they can drive safely and consistently.

As drivers gain experience, avoid accidents, and show they can handle different routes and equipment, they often qualify for better-paying jobs and stronger offers from employers.

2. Class A vs. Class B CDL

One of the biggest difference between Class A and Class B CDL is that a Class A CDL have access to more job opportunities and higher-paying routes than drivers with a Class B CDL.

That is because Class A drivers can operate combination vehicles like tractor-trailers, which are often tied to long-haul, regional, and specialized freight jobs.

3. Local, regional, or over-the-road routes

The type of route you run can make a big difference in what you earn.

• Local jobs may offer more home time and often pay hourly.
• Regional jobs may combine steady miles with more predictable schedules.
• Over-the-road jobs often offer higher earning potential because drivers cover more distance, but they also spend more time away from home.

4. The type of freight you haul

Not all freight pays the same. Jobs involving more difficult, time-sensitive, or specialized freight may pay more than standard dry van loads. Drivers who haul tanker loads, hazmat freight, oversized loads, or other specialized cargo may have access to higher-paying opportunities because the work requires more responsibility and, in some cases, extra endorsements.

5. Endorsements and extra qualifications

Adding endorsements to your CDL can open the door to better-paying jobs. For example, endorsements for hazmat, tanker, or passenger vehicles may qualify you for more specialized driving work. The more qualified you are, the more valuable you may become to employers looking for drivers with specific skills.

6. The company you work for

Pay can vary significantly from one trucking company to another. Some companies offer stronger starting pay, better bonuses, more consistent miles, or better-paying dedicated routes. Others may offer lower pay but more home time or a different work-life balance. That is why two drivers doing similar work may still earn different amounts depending on who employs them.

Class A vs. Class B Truck Driver Salary in New Jersey

A lot of our students here at Driving Academy ask about the difference in salary between Class A CDL and Class B CDL.

The answer kind of depends on many factors, but in general Class A usually has the higher salary ceiling because it covers larger combination vehicles and more specialized freight.

More Freight = More Money

Class B CDL drivers can still make very good money in New Jersey!

However, the jobs are often tied to extra labor like for garbage and construction positions, or route-based work like deliveries and bus driving. These jobs are typically more than just driving from point a to point b.

Below is some data on the average CDL salaries in NJ for different types of drivers. We’ve gather from various job posting sites around the web:

Class A CDL

Class B CDL

The pattern is pretty clear, Class A CDL can get you into jobs that offer more upside, especially when you get into specialized freight like tanker, car hauling, or other combination-vehicle work.

Class B jobs can still pay well and may offer more local schedules and home time, but they usually don’t have the same top-end earnings as many Class A roles.

If you are not sure about which one to get, you can check out our article about Difference between Class A and Class B CDL, or just straight up give our CDL advisor a call!

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Job Outlook for Truck Drivers in New Jersey

The job outlook for truck drivers remains strong because trucking continues to be one of the largest transportation occupations in the country.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects employment for heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers to grow 4% from 2024 to 2034, which is significantly faster than other ocupations.

BLS also projects about 237,600 openings per year nationally over that period, with many of those openings coming from retirements, career changes, and turnover.

For New Jersey specifically, adding up active postings on job boards and company websites you get somewhere between 3,800 to 5,300+ active CDL driver job openings in New Jersey.

That’s a lot of opportunities to make a lot of money in NJ!

Truck Driver Shortage

According to studies done by the American Trucking Association there is currently a 60,000 driver shortage!

Many truck drivers are getting older and retiring, and not enough younger people are choosing this job. At the same time, more and more people are ordering things online, so we need more CDL drivers to deliver all those goods between warehouses and distribution centers.

In New Jersey, this shortage is an extra big deal because a lot of goods come through the state’s roads and ports. When there are not enough drivers, deliveries can be late and stores might not get what they need on time.

But it also means there are great job opportunities for people in New Jersey who want to become truck drivers. And when ever there is a shortage of CDL holders, that’s when the truck driver pay goes up a tremendous amount!

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Meeting the FMCSA vision requirements is a mandatory step in earning your CDL and obtaining your DOT medical card. Whether you have 20/20 vision or rely on prescription eyewear, you must demonstrate the ability to see clearly at distance.

The good news?

Most people pass without any issues at all. And even if your vision isn’t perfect, glasses and contacts are totally fine. Let me walk you through exactly what you need to know so there are zero surprises when you sit down for your DOT physical.

Talk to a CDL Advisor Today

Why Vision Requirements Matter for CDL Drivers

Before we get into the numbers, let me give you some context on why this matters.

When you’re behind the wheel of a tractor-trailer, you’re operating a vehicle that can weigh up to 80,000 pounds. You need to read road signs at highway speeds, spot hazards ahead of you, monitor your mirrors constantly, and react quickly to everything happening around you. Your eyesight is  a fundamental part of doing this job safely.

That’s why the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) sets specific, mandatory vision standards that every commercial driver must meet before they can be certified to drive. These standards are evaluated during the DOT physical exam, which is the medical examination you’re required to pass in order to get your CDL.

What Is the DOT Physical?

The DOT physical which stands for Department of Transportation physical is a medical exam conducted by a certified medical examiner who is registered with the FMCSA. The exam checks your overall health to make sure you’re physically qualified to operate a commercial motor vehicle (CMV).

The vision test is one of the most important parts of this exam. It covers three specific areas:

• Distance visual acuity: how clearly you can see at a distance.
• Peripheral (side) vision: how wide your field of view is.
• Color recognition: whether you can correctly identify traffic signal colors.

Let’s break each one down.

The Three CDL Vision Requirements

1. Distance Visual Acuity

Requirement: 20/40 in Each Eye

This is the core vision requirement. You must have at least 20/40 vision in each eye individually, as well as with both eyes together. Glasses and contacts are completely fine as long as you are able to hit 20/40 with the correction you use.

If you’re not familiar with the 20/40 scale: 20/20 is considered perfect vision. 20/40 means that what a person with normal vision can read from 40 feet away, you can read from 20 feet. It’s not perfect, but it’s more than enough to drive safely and it’s the federal minimum standard.

During the exam, your doctor will use a Snellen eye chart (the classic chart with rows of letters that get progressively smaller) to test your acuity. The test is done on each eye separately, and then with both eyes open.

What if you need glasses or contacts?

No big deal at all. Millions of CDL holders drive every day with corrective lenses. If you need glasses or contacts to hit 20/40, the medical examiner will simply note it on your medical certificate, and your CDL will have what’s called a “B” restriction, meaning you’re required to wear corrective lenses whenever you’re operating a commercial vehicle. That’s it. It doesn’t limit where you can drive, what routes you can take, or how much you can earn. It just means wear your glasses. Common sense, right?

What if you wear monovision contacts?

This is worth knowing: monovision contact lenses where one lens is set for distance and the other for near vision aren’t permitted for CDL drivers during the DOT physical. If you wear monovision contacts, bring a standard pair of glasses or switch to regular contacts before your exam.

2. Peripheral Vision

Requirement: At Least 70 Degrees in Each Eye

Peripheral vision is your side vision, which what you can see out of the corner of your eye without moving your head. The federal requirement is a minimum 70-degree field of vision in the horizontal plane in each eye.

Why does this matter so much for truck drivers specifically?

Think about it. When you’re piloting a semi-truck down the highway, you’re constantly scanning your mirrors, watching for vehicles merging into your lane, spotting pedestrians at crossings, and monitoring what’s happening in your blind spots. That wide field of awareness is critical. The 70-degree minimum makes sure you have enough side vision to do that job safely.

 3. Color Recognition

Requirement: Red, Green, and Amber

You must be able to correctly distinguish between red, green, and amber which are the colors of standard traffic signals and road devices.

This one is straightforward. There’s no formal color blindness test required and the examiner just needs to confirm that you can recognize and differentiate those three specific colors.

Why those three?

Because every traffic light in the country uses them. If you can’t tell a red light from a green light, you simply cannot safely operate a commercial vehicle. That’s a public safety issue, plain and simple.

Most people with color vision deficiencies can still distinguish these colors in context, especially at traffic signals. But if you have any concerns about your color vision, it’s worth getting an eye exam before your DOT physical so you know where you stand.

If you are not sure if you qualify, feel free to reach out to our CDL advisor

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What If You Only Have Vision in One Eye?

This is a question a lot of people don’t think to ask but it’s important, and the rules changed significantly in 2022.

Before March 22, 2022, drivers with monocular vision (meaning vision in only one eye) had to apply for a federal exemption from the FMCSA which is a lengthy, complicated process. That’s no longer the case.

As of March 22, 2022, the FMCSA introduced an alternative vision standard that replaced the old exemption program. Under the new rules, drivers with monocular vision can be medically certified directly through a certified medical examiner, without going through the federal exemption process.

Here’s how it works:

• An ophthalmologist or optometrist must complete Form MCSA-5871 (the Vision Evaluation Report) before your DOT physical, and it must be completed no more than 45 days before your exam
• Your certified medical examiner reviews the report and evaluates your overall physical qualification
• If you’re being certified under this standard for the first time and don’t have prior commercial driving experience with the vision deficiency, you’ll be required to complete a road test with a prospective employer before operating a CMV in interstate commerce

If you’ve been driving commercially with monocular vision for at least three years, or you held a federal vision exemption prior to the rule change, the road test requirement may be waived.

The bottom line: having vision in only one eye no longer automatically disqualifies you from getting a CDL. The process is more involved than a standard physical, but it’s absolutely doable.

What Happens If You Fail the Vision Test?

Failing the DOT vision test doesn’t necessarily mean your CDL dreams are over. It depends entirely on why you failed.

• If your acuity is below 20/40: In many cases, this just means you need a stronger prescription. Get an updated eye exam, get the right glasses or contacts, and come back. Simple.
• If you have an underlying eye condition: Conditions like cataracts, glaucoma, or macular degeneration might disqualify you, or they might require additional documentation and evaluation before the examiner can certify you. The examiner may delay certification until the condition is treated or stabilized.
• If you have monocular vision: Follow the MCSA-5871 process described above. It’s more steps, but there’s a clear path forward.
• If your peripheral vision is below 70 degrees: This is harder to correct and may require a more detailed evaluation with a vision specialist.

The key takeaway is this if you don’t pass the first time, talk to your eye doctor before you assume the worst. Many vision issues are correctable. And if yours aren’t fully correctable, there may still be a pathway to certification depending on your specific situation.

Tips to Prepare for the CDL Vision Test

Want to walk into your DOT physical confident you’ll pass the vision portion? Here’s what I tell our students at Driving Academy:

1. Get an eye exam first. Before your DOT physical, schedule a visit with your optometrist. Know your current acuity numbers, update your prescription if it’s expired, and flag anything unusual so you’re not surprised in the exam room.
2. Bring your corrective lenses. If you wear glasses or contacts, bring them. Don’t try to tough it out without them. If you need them to hit 20/40 and you leave them at home, you fail. It’s that simple.
3. Don’t wear monovision contacts to the exam. As mentioned above, switch to standard contacts or glasses for the day of your physical.
4. Get enough sleep the night before. Tired eyes don’t perform as well on acuity tests. It sounds basic, but it matters.
5. If you have monocular vision, start the MCSA-5871 process early. The form must be completed within 45 days before your physical. Don’t show up to the exam without it.

Does Your Vision Have to Stay Perfect Forever?

Your DOT medical certificate is typically valid for up to 24 months, though your examiner may issue a shorter certification period if you have certain health conditions being monitored. When it’s time to renew, you’ll go through the DOT physical process again including the vision test.

This means if your vision changes over time, you’ll need to make sure you’re still meeting the standard at each renewal. That’s actually a good thing since it keeps everyone on the road held to the same consistent standard, and it’s an incentive to take care of your eye health throughout your career.

What if your vision changes mid-certification period?

If you have a significant vision change due to injury, surgery, or illness between your certification periods, you may need to be re-evaluated before your certificate expires. Don’t ignore it. If your vision drops below the standard and you’re still operating a CMV, you’re out of compliance with federal regulations.

CDL Vision Requirements

Here’s everything in one place for easy reference:

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I get a CDL if I wear glasses?

Absolutely. Wearing glasses to meet the 20/40 standard is completely fine. Your CDL will have a “B” restriction requiring you to wear corrective lenses while driving.

Can I get a CDL if I’m color blinded

It depends on the type and severity of your color vision deficiency. You don’t need perfect color vision, you just need to be able to distinguish red, green, and amber, the three colors used in traffic signals. Many people with mild color blindness can still pass this part of the exam. If you have concerns, get an eye exam with your optometrist before your DOT physical to know exactly where you stand.

Can I wear contacts for the DOT vision test?

Yes, standard contacts are fine. Monovision contacts (one lens for distance, one for near) are not permitted for the DOT physical or for operating a commercial vehicle.

What eye chart is used in the DOT physical?

Most examiners use the standard Snellen eye chart

How long is the DOT medical certificate good for?

Up to 24 months, though your examiner may issue a shorter validity period depending on your health profile. You’ll need to renew and retest before it expires.

If you have any other question, feel free to reach out

Talk to a CDL Advisor Today

Learn More About Vision Requirements For CDL

Can Someone With Diabetes Get A CDL License?

If you have diabetes and you’re thinking about getting a CDL to become a truck driver, the answer is not always a simple yes or no.

The real issue is whether you can meet the medical rules for commercial driving. FMCSA’s current rules definitely allow drivers with diabetes to qualify, but the exact path can vary based on your situation.

Two people can both have diabetes and still have very different outcomes depending on how the condition is treated.

That’s why many future drivers start by learning the basics by speaking with an CDL advisor about the training side of the CDL process.

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Don’t Guess!
Just Ask!

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making sure you qualify.

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Can You Get A CDL With Type 1 Diabetes?

Yes, in many cases. You can absolutly get a CDL with Type 1 diabetes if you can meet the federal medical certification standard.

FMCSA’s current diabetes rule doen’t ban all insulin-treated drivers from commercial driving.

Instead, it allows them to qualify if they meet the requirements in 49 CFR 391.46. This will include

• Stable insulin use
• Properly controlled insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (ITDM)
• Reequired treating-clinician documentation

Since most people with Type 1 diabetes use insulin, the practical issue is whether the condition is managed well enough to satisfy the medical examiner.

This may include showing your glucose records, bringing the completed MCSA-5870 form, and avoiding disqualifying complications such as certain advanced diabetic eye conditions. 

Can You Have a CDL With Type 2 Diabetes?

Yes, many people with Type 2 diabetes may also qualify for a CDL. The process depends on how the condition is treated.

• If Type 2 diabetes is treated with insulin, the driver is usually evaluated under the same insulin-treated rule as any other insulin-treated driver.
• If Type 2 diabetes is not treated with insulin, the medical examiner usually reviews the condition under the general physical qualification standards instead.

FMCSA also has an optional form for non-insulin-treated diabetes, Form MCSA-5872. The agency says this form may be used by medical examiners as an optional tool to help decide whether the driver meets the physical standards. That means some drivers with non-insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes may still have a fairly straightforward path if the condition is stable.

DOT Physical Requirements for Drivers With Diabetes

The biggest hurdle for most drivers with diabetes is the DOT physical.

If you want a CDL license, you must be medically qualified to operate a commercial motor vehicle. You’re being trusted with 80,000 lbs of metal hurdling down the highway, for your safety and the safety of everyone else on the road, it’s crucial that you’re healthy enough to drive a tractor trailer or other truck!

For insulin-treated diabetes, the FMCSA says the driver can be physically qualified only if the driver is on a stable insulin regimen and has properly controlled diabetes. The treating clinician must complete Form MCSA-5870, and the driver must give that form to the certified medical examiner within 45 days.

FMCSA also requires electronic blood glucose self-monitoring records. In general, the driver must provide at least the previous 3 months of records. If the driver does not yet have those records, the FMCSA says the driver can’t be certified for more than 3 months.

If the driver does have the required records and otherwise qualifies, the medical examiner may issue a certificate for up to 12 months.

Every 12 months you’ll need to keep seeing the medical examiner to get the certification re-issued.

Need Help Figuring Out Your Next Step?

Because the process can depend on how your diabetes is treated and documented, many students find it helpful to speak with someone before moving forward.

Contact Driving Academy to learn what your next step may be. 

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FAQs About Having a CDL With Diabetes

Can you have a CDL if you have diabetes?

Yes, in many cases you can. The key question is whether you can meet FMCSA’s medical qualification standards.

Can you get a CDL if you use insulin?

Possibly, yes. FMCSA allows some insulin-treated drivers to qualify if they have a stable insulin regimen, proper control, the required clinician form, and the required glucose records.

What form do insulin-treated drivers need?

FMCSA uses the Insulin-Treated Diabetes Mellitus Assessment Form, MCSA-5870. The treating clinician completes it, and the driver must give it to the certified medical examiner within 45 days.

What if you do not use insulin?

If you do not use insulin, the medical examiner usually reviews you under the general physical qualification standards. FMCSA’s MCSA-5872 form may be used, but it is optional.

How long can a medical card last for an insulin-treated driver?

If the driver qualifies, the medical examiner may issue a certificate for up to 12 months. If the required 3 months of glucose records are not available, FMCSA limits certification to no more than 3 months.

What can permanently disqualify an insulin-treated driver?

FMCSA says severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy or proliferative diabetic retinopathy permanently disqualifies an insulin-treated driver.

Learn More About CDLs And Diabetes

If you’ve been driving a truck for a company and you’re hungry for more money and  freedom, then there’s a good chance you’ve heard the term owner-operator thrown around. But what does it actually mean? And is it the right move for you?

Here at Driving Academy, we’ve helped over 10,000 students get their CDL license and build real careers in trucking. We know this industry inside and out.

So let’s break down everything you need to know about owner-operators: what they are, how they operate, how much they make, and whether stepping up to this level is the right call for your future.

Ready to stop making a wage and start building real wealth?

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What Is an Owner-Operator Truck Driver?

An owner-operator is a truck driver who owns their own truck and runs their own trucking business. That’s the simple version. But the full picture is much bigger than that.
When you’re a company driver, you show up, drive someone else’s truck, and clock out. Easy. Predictable. But limited. As an owner-operator, you are the business. You make the decisions. You negotiate the loads. You set your schedule. And most importantly, you keep a much larger share of the revenue.
Think of it this way: a company driver makes a wage. An owner-operator builds wealth.
Owner-operators have the freedom to decide:

• Which loads they haul, and which ones they turn down
• What routes they run and what states they drive through
• How often they want to be home
• Whether they lease their truck or own it outright
• Whether they contract with a carrier or run under their own authority

That level of control is exactly why so many experienced drivers make the jump to owner-operator, and why the ones who do it right can earn $150,000 to $350,000 or more per year based on data from Indeed.

Owner-Operator vs. Company Truck Driver: What’s the Real Difference?

This is the question we get all the time at Driving Academy, and the answer goes a lot deeper than just “you own the truck.” Let’s break it down category by category.

Responsibilities:

Company Driver:
As a company driver, your job is to drive. That’s it. You haul the freight, deliver on time, stay safe, and go home. You don’t worry about repairs, insurance, finding loads, or doing the books. It’s a great place to start, and honestly, for a lot of people, it’s a great place to stay.

Owner-Operator:
As an owner-operator, you’ve got all of the above plus everything that comes with running a business:

• Finding and negotiating loads
• Managing fuel costs and expenses
• Handling truck maintenance and repairs
• Keeping up with insurance coverage
• Filing taxes as a self-employed business owner
• Building relationships with brokers and shippers
• Making strategic decisions about your business growth

It’s more work. No question. But the upside? You’re building something that’s yours.

Equipment:

Company Driver:
You drive the truck the company gives you. You pull the trailer the company assigns. When something breaks, the company fixes it. Zero cost to you, but also zero ownership.

Owner-Operator:
You own (or lease) your truck. That means you’re responsible for every mile on that engine and every dollar in repairs. But you’re also building equity in a real business asset. Owner-operators typically get their trucks one of three ways:

1. Buying a used semi-truck from a dealership or private seller
2. Buying a brand-new truck and financing it
3. Leasing a truck through a carrier or leasing company

When it comes to trailers, owner-operators either haul their own trailer, lease one, or  use the carrier’s trailers when they contract with a carrier.

Expenses: The Big Reality Check

This is the part people don’t always talk about openly, but at Driving Academy, we want to be straight with you.

Company Driver:
Zero out-of-pocket for the big stuff. No fuel costs, no insurance premiums, no maintenance bills, no truck payments. Your employer handles all of it. You get your paycheck and you’re done.

Owner-Operator:
You’re paying for everything. Here’s an example of what that looks like in the real world:

That might look scary at first. But here’s the key: a good owner-operator running the right loads can gross $300,000+ per year. Even after all those expenses, the net take-home is dramatically higher than a company driver’s salary.

If that expense sounds too much for you, don’t worry! At Driving Academy, we don’t just train you to drive, we give you lifetime job placement assistance to kickstart your career safely.

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How Do Owner-Operators Get Paid?

Owner-operators don’t get a weekly paycheck the way company drivers do. They generate revenue based on the loads they haul, and there are a few different models for how that works.

1. Flat Rate Per Load

Some carriers pay owner-operators a flat dollar amount for each load they haul. This model is common when working through a carrier’s load board or through a freight broker. The rate is set upfront so you know exactly what you’re getting before you accept the load. This makes budgeting and planning easier, especially when you’re just starting out.

2. Percentage of Revenue

Some carrier partnerships pay owner-operators a percentage of the total line haul revenue on each load. This model can be very lucrative on high-value loads and is popular with owner-operators who want to take advantage of peak market rates.

3. Rate Per Mile

When pulling freight off a public or private load board, most loads are priced by the mile. The rate per mile varies widely based on the route, the freight type, the time of year, and market conditions. A strong owner-operator knows how to read the market and cherry-pick the highest-paying lanes.

Pro Tip from Driving Academy: No matter which revenue model you’re working under, the key is knowing your cost per mile. If it costs you $1.80/mile to operate and you’re accepting loads at $1.75/mile, you’re losing money. Successful owner-operators track their numbers obsessively.

How Much Does an Owner-Operator Make?

Let’s get to the number everyone wants to know.
The average company truck driver in the U.S. earns around $82,000 per year. That’s a solid living, but there’s a ceiling.

A good owner-operator? We’re talking $150,000 to $350,000 per year and the ones who really dial in their business do even better than that.

The jump from company driver to owner-operator is essentially the jump from earning a salary to running a business. The risk goes up. But so does the ceiling.

Learn more about owner operator jobs that pays well.

Should You Contract With a Carrier or Run Under Your Own Authority?

This is one of the biggest decisions an owner-operator has to make, and there’s no one-size-fits-all answer. Here’s how to think about it:

Contracting With a Carrier

When you contract with a carrier, you’re still your own boss and you still own your truck, but you’re running loads under their authority and, in many cases, accessing their freight network.

The two biggest advantages:

1. Access to existing freight. The carrier already has customers. You don’t have to build a sales pipeline from scratch. You just log into the load board and pick your freight.
2. Potentially cheaper insurance. Carriers manage large fleets, which often means they can offer owner-operators access to group insurance rates that are significantly lower than what you’d pay on your own.

This is the path most owner-operators take when they first make the jump. It’s a great way to learn the business side of trucking without having to figure everything out at once.

Running Under Your Own Authority

This is the full independence model. You have your own DOT number, your own MC number, and you’re building your own business from the ground up. The upside is maximum control and maximum earning potential. The downside is that everything like finding freight, managing insurance, handling compliance is entirely on you.

Many experienced operators recommend spending at least 1–2 years as a contract owner-operator before making the leap to full authority. Get your business legs under you first.

The Three Levels of Trucking

There are three levels of trucking. Understanding where the owner-operator path fits into that picture is key to planning your career.

• Level 1 — Company Driver
  Get your CDL, drive for a company, earn around $82,000/year on average. Local, regional, or over-the-road — great options, steady money, low risk. This is where almost everyone starts.
• Level 2 — Owner-Operator
  Own your truck, run your own business, earn $150,000–$350,000/year. More responsibility, more headaches, but dramatically higher earning potential. This is the level where real wealth starts to build.
• Level 3 — Carrier
  Own multiple trucks, hire company drivers or owner-operators, run a full trucking company. This is where you build generational wealth — and where the ceiling is truly unlimited.

What they all have in common? It all starts with the same thing: a CDL license.  Whether your goal is a steady $82,000 company salary or building a multi-truck fleet, Level 1 starts right here. See how our flexible 7-day training schedules fit your life.

Talk to a CDL Advisor Today

Is Becoming an Owner-Operator Right for You?

Here’s the honest answer: owner-operator life isn’t for everyone, and that’s okay. Let’s look at who thrives in this role, and who might be better served staying at Level 1.
You Might Be Ready to Be an Owner-Operator If…

• You’ve been driving for at least a year or two and feel confident behind the wheel
• You’re money-motivated and want to earn more than a company driver’s salary
• You have business sense or you’re willing to learn
• You’re comfortable taking on financial risk for greater reward
• You want more control over your schedule, routes, and loads
• You’re disciplined with money and understand the importance of tracking expenses

You Might Want to Stay a Company Driver If…

• You value the simplicity of clocking in, driving, and clocking out
• You’re not ready to take on the financial responsibility of truck ownership
• You want predictable income without worrying about repairs, insurance, or finding loads
• You’re still early in your driving career and want more experience first

Neither path is the wrong path. Company driving is a great career. Owner-operating is a great business. The key is knowing which one fits where you are right now.

If you’re not sure, you can speak with a CDL advisor for free.

Talk to a CDL Advisor Today

How to Become an Owner-Operator?

Here’s what the path to owner-operator looks like in the real world:

1. Get your CDL license. This is step one, full stop. Without your CDL, none of the rest is possible. At Driving Academy, we offer flexible day and night training, 7 days a week, with just $500 down to get started — and lifetime job placement assistance to help you land that first job fast.
2. Get experience as a truck driver. Most lenders, carriers, and insurance companies want to see at least 1–2 years of clean driving history before they’ll work with you as an owner-operator.
3. Use this time to build your skills, save money, and learn the industry.
   Start planning your finances. Research truck costs, insurance rates, and what your operating costs will look like. Know your numbers before you commit.
4. Decide: carrier contract or own authority? For most first-time owner-operators, contracting with a carrier is the smarter first move. It gives you freight access and support while you find your footing.
5. Get your truck. Whether you buy used, buy new, or lease, just make sure the payments make sense given your projected revenue. Don’t overspend on your first truck.
6. Start hauling. Build your reputation. Run good loads. Manage your costs. Grow from there.

Frequently Asked Questions For Owner Operator

Is being an owner-operator worth it?

For many truck drivers, becoming an owner-operator can be worth it because it offers greater independence, flexibility, and earning potential. However, owner-operators are responsible for fuel costs, maintenance, insurance, taxes, and finding freight. Success often depends on strong business management skills and industry experience.

What is the main difference between a company driver and an owner-operator?

The main difference is ownership and independence. A company driver operates a truck owned by a carrier company, receives a regular paycheck (usually per mile), and has their fuel, maintenance, and insurance covered by the company. An owner-operator owns or leases their truck, runs their own business, sets their own schedule, and must pay for all operating expenses out of pocket.

Do owner-operators pay for their own fuel?

Yes. Fuel is usually an owner-operator’s largest single ongoing expense.

Is it better to buy a new or used truck when starting out?

There is no single right answer, as both options have distinct financial trade-offs

Can I become an owner-operator with no experience?

Technically yes, but it is generally not recommended. Most successful owner-operators spend time working as company drivers first to gain experience, learn the industry, and build financial stability before purchasing or leasing a truck.

Learn More About Owner Operator

Disclaimer: The cost and earnings figures listed above are industry estimates based on average market conditions. Actual revenues and operating expenses vary widely based on individual business choices, market fluctuations, and geographic location.

A common questions we get from people who want to get into trucking is: Can you get a CDL license if you already have points on your regular driver’s license?

The short answer? Yes,  in most cases, you can. But there’s a lot more to the story, and I want to make sure you understand the full picture before you walk into a DMV or enroll in a CDL program. Because knowing the rules isn’t just about getting the license. It’s about setting yourself up for a long, successful career in trucking.

If you have any questions, feel free to discuss it with our CDL Advisor!

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The Basic Rule: Your License Must Be Valid

Here’s the number one thing you need to understand. As long as your current driver’s license is valid, (meaning it is not suspended, revoked, or on a probationary status) you can apply for a CDL license. 

Whether you have two points on your license or five points , as long as that license is still valid and in good standing, you’re eligible to pursue your CDL. The points themselves don’t automatically disqualify you from getting licensed.

There are a few minimum requirements you need to meet no matter what:

• You must be at least 18 years old (21 to drive interstate or haul hazmat)
• You must pass a DOT physical exam to prove you’re medically fit to operate a commercial vehicle
• You must have a valid Social Security number and be legally authorized to obtain a CDL in the United States
• Your current driver’s license must be active and in good standing

If you check all those boxes, the points on your license don’t stand between you and your CDL. You’re good to go!

Not sure if you meet the requirements?

Talk to one of our CDL advisors today and let’s get you started.

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What Will Actually Disqualify You From Getting a CDL?

Now let’s be straight with you,  because there ARE violations and circumstances that will prevent you from getting a CDL, and you need to know what they are.

These are the hard disqualifiers:

• DUI or DWI — Operating any vehicle with a blood-alcohol level above 0.08%. For commercial vehicles specifically, the legal limit drops to 0.04%, and if you’re under 21 it’s 0.01%. A DUI is one of the most serious marks you can have on a driving record. learn more about getting a CDL with DUI.
• Leaving the scene of an accident — Also known as a hit and run. This is treated as a major offense in every state.
• Using a commercial vehicle to commit a felony — If a truck was involved in a criminal act, that’s an automatic flag.
• Vehicular manslaughter — Causing death with a vehicle is a permanent disqualifier.
• Driving under the influence of controlled substances
• A currently suspended or revoked license — You cannot apply for a CDL if your regular license is not valid. This one trips a lot of people up. You have to fix the suspension first.

On the flip side, things like minor speeding tickets, a parking violation, or a single lane-change infraction? Those kinds of everyday points are generally not going to stop you from getting your CDL. The key is the severity of the violations and the current status of your license.

How the Point System Actually Works

Let me walk you through how points work because it’s important for your future as a professional driver and not just for getting your CDL, but for keeping it.

Every state runs its own point system for regular driver’s licenses. When you get a traffic violation like speeding, reckless driving, following too closely, texting while driving, the state assigns a certain number of points to your record. Rack up too many points in a short window of time, and your license gets suspended.

Once you have your CDL, there’s a second, stricter point system that applies to you specifically as a commercial driver. Common violations that add points to a CDL include:

• Driving over the posted speed limit (especially 15+ mph over which is a “serious violation” in federal terms)
• Following too closely
• Unsafe lane changes
• Driving without the required endorsements
• Not stopping at weigh stations
• Using a handheld device while driving a commercial vehicle

Here’s where it gets serious. Under federal FMCSA rules, if a CDL holder gets two serious traffic violations within three years, they face a 60-day disqualification. Three serious violations in three years? That’s a 120-day disqualification. And certain offenses such as a DUI or leaving the scene of an accident will result in a one-year CDL disqualification on the first offense, and a lifetime disqualification on the second.

How Points Affect Getting Hired

Okay, so here’s the part I really want you to know, because this is where a lot of people get blindsided.

Just because you can get a CDL with points on your license doesn’t mean finding a job will be easy. And I want to be upfront with you about that because I’d rather you know going in than be surprised later.

Think about it from an employer’s perspective. A trucking company is handing you the keys to a piece of equipment worth $150,000 or more. They’re responsible for that truck, their cargo, the public on the road, and their insurance rates. If they’re looking at two candidates, one with a clean record and one with five points. Which one do you think they’re going to call back first?

The clean record, every single time.

That said, it is absolutely not impossible to get hired with points on your license. The trucking industry is one of the most forgiving industries in the world when it comes to people’s past. There are large national carriers like Werner, Western Express, and others that specifically offer second-chance hiring programs. They’re investing in your future because the driver shortage is real and the demand for qualified CDL holders is not going away.

So if you’ve got points, is it harder? Yes.

Is it impossible? Absolutely not!

Companies That Will Hire Drivers With Points

If you have points on your license and you’re worried about job placement after getting your CDL, here’s the good news: there are carriers out there built specifically for drivers in your situation.

Large national carriers tend to have more flexibility than small regional fleets, for a few reasons. They have larger insurance programs, dedicated training departments, and the resources to onboard drivers with less-than-perfect records. Many of them use a 3-year or 5-year lookback window, meaning they’re only reviewing your recent history, not your entire record going back 20 years.

When applying to companies with points on your record:

• Be honest about your history. Don’t try to hide it! Carriers run your MVR (Motor Vehicle Record) as a standard part of the hiring process. If you’re upfront, you can control the narrative. If they find it on their own, you’ve already lost their trust.
• Be ready to tell your story. Trucking is still a people business. If you sit across from a recruiter and you can explain what happened, show that you’ve learned from it, and demonstrate your commitment to driving safely going forward, you have a real shot.

And here’s the thing nobody talks about enough: nobody is stopping you from buying your own truck and being your own boss. If companies won’t hire you right away, the owner-operator path is always open. As long as your license is valid and you’re willing to work for yourself, you can make money in trucking no matter what your history looks like. The road to ownership might just be your Level 2 move.

How to Reduce Points on Your License Before Applying

If you’re not in a rush and you want to improve your standing before getting your CDL, there are a few legitimate paths to reducing your points.

1. Wait them out. Points don’t stay on your record forever. In most states, points from minor violations fall off your driving record after 1 to 3 years. If you’ve got time on your side, the cleanest move is simply to drive spotlessly clean from here on out and let the clock run.
2. Take a defensive driving course. Many states allow regular (non-CDL) drivers to complete an approved defensive driving course to reduce points on their license. This option typically isn’t available once you hold a CDL, so if you’re still pre-CDL, this is worth looking into in your state.
3. Fight the ticket in court. If you have a recent violation that added points, it’s worth consulting with a traffic attorney before you just pay it and move on. Many tickets can be reduced or dismissed through plea agreements, which can lower the points assigned — or remove them entirely from your record. A ticket that shows up as a lesser violation is always better than the full original charge.

Want a personalized plan for your situation?

Our CDL advisors can talk through your options.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can I get a CDL if my license is suspended?

No. A suspended or revoked license disqualifies you from applying for a CDL. You’ll need to resolve the suspension first, get your regular license reinstated, and then you can begin the CDL process.

How many points are too many to get a CDL?

There’s no single national number, it depends on your state’s rules and the current validity of your license. The key is that your license must be active and not suspended. Some states have specific restrictions around recent point accumulation (for example, 6 points within the last 2 years in some states), so check with your local DMV.

Will points from my regular license carry over to my CDL?

Your driving record follows you. When you get a CDL, your history doesn’t disappear, it’s all there on your MVR. The good news is that minor points from years past carry less and less weight the longer you drive clean.

Does a speeding ticket in my personal car affect my CDL?

Yes. If you hold a CDL, violations in your personal vehicle can still impact your commercial driving record. The license is what matters, not the vehicle.

Can I get hired as a truck driver with points on my license?

Yes, though it can be more challenging with some employers. Lifetime job placement assistance like what we offer here at Driving Academy will give you a better shot.

Learn More About Getting a CDL License With Points

Are you a someone who doesn’t mind getting a little dirty whose looking for a career that offers incredible job security, great pay and gets you home every single night? Well driving a garbage truck can be one of the best moves you can make.

The most common question we get from students looking to get into the waste management industry is: Do garbage men need a CDL license?

The answer depends on what type of garbage man you are!

If you’re the guy filling the truck, there’s no CDL license needed because you’re not driving anything.

However, if you are the guy driving the truck, it is very likely that you’re going to need a Commercial Driver’s License (CDL).

In this garbage truck CDL guide, we are going to break down exactly which CDL class you need, the federal weight rules, the types of garbage trucks and the exact steps to get your license.

Let’s get rolling!

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Why Most Garbage Trucks Require A CDL?

If you want to drive a standard garbage truck in your local neighborhood, you will need to get at least a Class B CDL. Here is the legal reason why:

The 26,000 Pound Rule (GVWR)
The requirement for a CDL has nothing to do with what the truck looks like, it is all about the weight. By federal law, any single vehicle that weighs more than 26,000 lbs (or is rated to carry more than 26,000 lbs) requires a CDL driver to operate it.

Garbage trucks are built on heavy-duty, rigid frames designed to hold tons of compacted trash. Even when they are completely empty, most garbage trucks easily exceed this 26,000 lb threshold, which means you are legally required to hold a CDL.

The Air Brakes Restriction
Garbage trucks are incredibly heavy, meaning they don’t typically rely on standard hydraulic brakes like your personal car. They are equipped with commercial air brakes for maximum stopping power.

If you want to drive a garbage truck, you must pass the Air Brakes portion of your CDL written exam, and you must take your behind-the-wheel road test in a truck equipped with air brakes. Otherwise, you will get an “L” restriction on your license, which bars you from driving any air-brake-equipped commercial vehicle.

Types Of Garbage Trucks

Not all garbage trucks are the same, and here is a breakdown of the vehicles in the industry and what license do you need to drive it:

• Rear-Loaders (Class B): This is the classic residential truck where the “helper” rides on the back and tosses bags into the rear compactor.
• Side-Loaders (Class B): These are highly automated trucks equipped with a robotic arm. The driver pulls up next to a specialized bin, and the arm does all the lifting.
• Front-Loaders (Class B): Primarily used for commercial businesses, these trucks have two massive hydraulic forks on the front that lift commercial dumpsters up and over the cab into the compactor.
• Roll-Off Trucks & Transfer Trailers (Class A or B): Roll-off trucks carry massive construction dumpsters. If the truck is a single rigid vehicle, a Class B is fine. However, if you are driving a semi-truck pulling a massive transfer trailer from a waste station to a landfill (and the trailer exceeds 10,000 lbs), you will officially need a Class A CDL.

Learn more about the difference between Class A and Class B CDL.

Why Driving A Garbage Truck Is An Amazing Career?

The cool thing about getting a CDL Class B license is that you don’t just have to drive garbage trucks. You can drive many other types of trucks as well, like box trucks and cement trucks.

But, that being said, the waste management industry is a goldmine. As they say, one man’s trash is another man’s treasure.

Here is why you should consider making the jump:

• Job Security: The garbage truck industry is likely to say forever. There is one thing that humans make all the time, and that is garbage! You don’t have to worry about the back-and-forth of “Am I going to have a job?” The garbage always needs to be picked up.
• Government Perks & Pensions: Many towns actually pick up their own garbage. If getting a nice government job sounds good to you, this might be one of the best avenues for you to enter the industry. You get access to things like a pension, generous vacation days, and top-tier benefit packages.
• Home Every Single Day: The hours are sweet, you get in and out, and it’s consistent all the time. Unlike Over-The-Road (OTR) truckers who sleep in their cabins, you are home every single day.
• Ultimate Comfort: It’s probably one of the easiest jobs that you can actually have as long as you can handle the stench! The cool thing about being the driver is that you can close the window, keep the AC blasting.

How Much Does a Garbage Truck Driver Make?

The average garbage truck driver is going to make anywhere from $53,000 to about $84,000 a year based on data from Glassdoor. CDL holders 

However, depending on the area that you live in, we’ve seen even higher numbers for experienced drivers! It all depends on your municipality, whether you are in a union, and how much overtime you are willing to take.

If you’re ready to move into a career with stability, benefits, and daily home time, contact Driving Academy today and let us help you get your CDL.

Talk to a cdl advisor

Step Process To Get Your Garbage Truck CDL

So, if you’re interested in getting yourself a CDL Class B license, what are the steps? There’s a simple three-step process:

Step 1: Pass The CDL Permit Tests

Before you can drive a commercial vehicle, you must get your Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP). You do this by passing written knowledge tests at your local DMV (or MVC).

To get your Class B permit, you must pass the General Knowledge test. However, because 99% of garbage trucks use air brakes, you will also need to pass the Air Brakes exam so you do not get a restriction on your license.

You can try studying for the permit test on your own. But lots of people actually fail when they try by themselves! By enrolling with Driving Academy, you’ll have access to our easy-to-use study guides, explanation videos, and custom practice quizzes so you can pass on the first try.

Step 2: ELDT (Entry-Level Driver Training)

You may have heard the phrase “ELDT training” before. ELDT stands for Entry-Level Driver Training. It is required by the federal government (FMCSA) before you can get your CDL license.

In order to take your road test, you’ll need to complete  training at a CDL school like Driving Academy who is  listed on the Training Provider Registry (TPR).

The ELDT is split into two parts:

1. ELDT Theory: A classroom or online course covering the rules of the road, safe operation, and post-crash procedures.
2. Behind-the-Wheel (Yard Training): Different schools have different setups, but a training yard typically consists of four sections that mirror the parts of the CDL road test:

• Pre-Trip Inspection: Where you practice the external inspection on a stationary truck.
• In-Cab Inspection / Air Brake Test: Where you practice the inside inspection and air brake tests.
• Parking Maneuvers: Where you practice backing up and parking the heavy vehicle.
• Road Driving: An instructor takes you out on the public road to practice shifting and driving in traffic.

Step 3: CDL Skills Test (Road Test)

After holding your CLP for at least 14 days and finishing ELDT, you will take the state skills test. The skills test has three parts:

1) Pre-Trip Inspection
The first stage of the CDL road test is the Pre-Trip Inspection. You’re going to have to know how to inspect both the outside and inside of the garbage truck to ensure it is safe to operate on public roads.

2) Parking Maneuvers
The second stage tests your Basic Vehicle Control. You will need to demonstrate your ability to control the heavy truck by guiding it into a defined area marked with traffic cones and painted lines. You will typically execute a Forward Stop, Straight Line Backing, and an Offset Back. If you cross the lines, you fail—in the real world, crossing the line means hitting a parked car or a house!

3) Road Test
The third and final section is actually driving the truck on the road itself. Your examiner will tell you where to drive and put you in a variety of traffic situations.

As long as you go through all three of those steps, you’re able to rock and roll and walk away with your CDL license and get yourself on the road to freedom!

FAQ: Garbage Truck CDL

Can I drive a garbage truck with a regular driver’s license?

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Do garbage men need a CDL?

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What class CDL do I need to drive a garbage truck?

You need a Class B CDL to drive a standard residential garbage truck (like a rear-loader, side-loader, or front-loader). You only need a Class A CDL if you are driving a combination vehicle, such as a semi-truck pulling a massive roll-off dumpster or a heavy transfer trailer that exceeds 10,000 pounds.

Do I need a Hazmat endorsement to drive a garbage truck?
Generally, no. Standard municipal solid-waste residential routes do not require a Hazardous Materials (H) endorsement. You would only need a Hazmat endorsement if you are specifically hired by a specialized waste company to haul regulated toxic chemicals, medical waste, or flammable liquids.
Is it hard to get a job driving a garbage truck?
The waste management industry is currently facing a massive driver shortage, making it easier than ever to get a job if you hold the proper license. Because garbage collection is recession-proof, local municipalities and private companies are constantly hiring newly licensed Class B drivers and offering highly competitive salaries and benefits to retain them.

Learn More About Garbage Truck CDL

If you are asking what is GVWR, the short answer is this: GVWR stands for Gross Vehicle Weight Rating. It is the maximum loaded weight a vehicle is designed to handle safely, as set by the manufacturer.

For people in the trucking industry, GVWR matters because it affects safety, payload, compliance, and even what class of CDL license you need.

If you don’t understand and follow GVWR, you can overload a truck, reduce braking performance, damage equipment, put yourself at risk for violations or worst case scenario; get in a horrible accident!

In this ultimate guide, we are going to break down the exact trucking definition, the federal weight rules and how to calculate your payload capacity so you can keep your truck safe and strictly legal on the road.

Let’s get rolling!

What Is GVWR?

In the trucking world, the GVWR is the absolute maximum safe operating weight of a commercial vehicle, as determined by the manufacturer. It is the structural limit of what the truck’s frame, suspension, axles, and brakes can safely handle.

Your GVWR includes the combined weight of:

• The empty truck itself
• All engine fluids and a full tank of diesel fuel
• The driver and any passengers
• All of the freight and cargo that could be loaded in the back

It is critical to understand that your GVWR is a weight limit, not the actual weight of the truck as it sits right now.

If a box truck has a GVWR of 33,000 lbs, that means the truck and everything inside of it can’t legally weigh a single pound over 33,000 lbs when you roll over a DOT scale.

Where to Find the GVWR on a Commercial Truck

You don’t have to guess or do any complex math to find your truck’s GVWR. The manufacturer legally has to stamp it on the vehicle.

If you are doing your pre-trip inspection, you can find the GVWR in a few specific spots:

• The Door Jamb Placard: Open the driver’s side door of your cab. There will be a federal certification sticker or metal plate inside the door frame that clearly lists the GVWR, as well as the gross axle weight ratings (GAWR).
• The VIN Plate: On many commercial trucks, the GVWR is stamped onto the main VIN plate located on the dashboard or engine block.
• On the Trailer: If you are pulling a commercial trailer, the trailer has its own separate GVWR! You can usually find the metal placard riveted to the front driver’s side of the trailer frame.

GVWR And The 26,001 lb. CDL Rule

This is the most important section for anyone looking to enter the commercial driving industry. Your truck’s GVWR directly dictates whether or not you legally need a Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) to turn the key.

By federal law, if a vehicle has a GVWR of 26,001 pounds or more, you must have a CDL to operate it.

Here is how the DOT breaks down the classes based on GVWR:

• No CDL Required: The truck has a GVWR of 26,000 lbs or less (like a standard delivery van or a U-Haul).
• Class B CDL: The truck has a GVWR of 26,001 lbs or more, but any trailer it is pulling has a GVWR of less than 10,000 lbs (like a garbage truck, cement mixer or heavy dump truck). 
• Class A CDL: The truck has a GVWR of 26,001 lbs or more, AND the trailer it is towing has a GVWR of more than 10,000 lbs (like a standard 18-wheeler semi-truck).

GVWR vs. GCWR (Gross Combined Weight Rating)

If you are going for your Class A CDL to drive tractor-trailers, you are going to see the acronym GCWR on your permit tests. It is easy to get them confused, but the difference is simple:

• GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating): Applies to a single unit. The truck has its own GVWR, and the trailer has its own separate GVWR.
• GCWR (Gross Combined Weight Rating): This is the maximum allowable weight of the truck and the trailer combined together as one unit. When a fully loaded semi-truck rolls into a weigh station, the scale is measuring the GCWR.

GVWR vs. Curb Weight vs. Tare Weight

Trucking is full of jargon. When dealing with dispatchers and shipping receivers, you need to know the difference between these three weight terms:

• Curb Weight: The weight of the truck exactly as it rolled off the factory floor. It includes a full tank of fuel and all necessary fluids, but zero cargo and zero passengers.
• Tare Weight: What the scale reads when an empty truck rolls over it. It includes the curb weight plus the driver and their gear, but no freight in the back.
• GVWR: The maximum legal limit the truck can weigh when it is fully loaded with freight.

How to Calculate Your Truck’s Payload Capacity

As a truck driver, you need to know exactly how much freight you can legally load into your box or trailer without getting an overweight ticket. This available cargo capacity is called your Payload Capacity.

To find out how heavy your freight can be, you use a very simple trucking formula:
GVWR – Curb Weight = Payload Capacity

Example:

Let’s say your commercial box truck has a GVWR of 33,000 lbs. You look at the manufacturer specs, and the Curb Weight (empty truck) is 13,000 lbs.

33,000 lbs – 13,000 lbs = 20,000 lbs.

You can legally load up to 20,000 lbs of freight into the back of your truck.

What Happens If You Exceed Your Truck’s GVWR?

You should never let a dispatcher pressure you into loading a truck past its GVWR. If you roll into a DOT weigh station and the scales show you are over your GVWR, the consequences are severe.

• Massive DOT Fines: Overweight tickets are incredibly expensive. You will be hit with massive fines that go on your permanent safety record.
• Placed “Out of Service”: The DOT officer will not let you leave the weigh station. You will be placed out of service until another truck arrives to offload the excess freight.
• Severe Mechanical Danger: Operating over the GVWR is incredibly dangerous. It severely increases your stopping distance, causes commercial tires to blow out under the intense pressure, and can lead to complete air brake failure on steep downhill grades.

FAQ: GVWR in the Trucking Industry

Does GVWR mean the actual weight of the truck?
No. GVWR is the maximum weight limit of the vehicle. Your actual weight changes every day depending on how much fuel you have and how much freight you are hauling.
Do I need a CDL if my GVWR is exactly 26,000 lbs?
No! Federal law dictates that you only need a Commercial Driver’s License if the GVWR is 26,001 lbs or more. If it is exactly 26,000 lbs, you can legally drive it with a regular car license.
Do I need a CDL if my GVWR is exactly 26,000 pounds?
Usually no. The federal threshold for Group B is 26,001 pounds or more for a single vehicle.
How do I find my truck’s GVWR?
Check the manufacturer’s certification label, often located on the driver’s side door area or door-jamb area, or the VIN/compliance plate.
When does weight require a Class A CDL?
A Class A CDL is generally required for a combination vehicle with a GCWR of 26,001 pounds or more when the trailer has a GVWR of more than 10,000 pounds.

Understanding GVWR is one of the first steps to understanding how truck weight, payload, and CDL rules all connect. Once you know what GVWR means, it becomes much easier to see  why weight ratings matter so much in the trucking industry. If you want help turning that knowledge into a real CDL plan, contact Driving Academy to speak with an advisor and find the right training path for your goals.

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If you are thinking about getting your CDL, you might have one question holding you back: Will I ever get to see my family if I drive a truck?

There’s a good chance you want to support your family with a good paying trucking job, but does that mean you won’t get to spend time with your family?

This is one of the most common questions we hear from new students.

The truth is, truck driving is not a standard 9-to-5 desk job. Many driver positions work longer hours to get loads from point a to point b.

However, the misconceptions that you have to always be out on the road for months at a time is also not true.

So, how often are truck drivers actually home?

The short answer is: It’s entirely up to you and the type of driving job you choose.

Let’s break down exactly how truck driver home time works in 2026 so you can pick the perfect route for your lifestyle and career.

Don’t feel like reading? You can also contact us and learn more from a CDL advisor.

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Types of Trucking Jobs

Your home time depends almost completely on the type of freight route you decide to run. Once you graduate from CDL school, you will generally have three main career paths to choose from:

 1. Local Truck Drivers

Home Daily
If sleeping in your own bed every single night sounds like your top priority, you want a truck driving job that works local route.

Local drivers typically stay within a 100-mile radius of their home terminal. You might deliver beverages to grocery stores, haul construction materials or manage local city freight.

• Home Time: You are home every day after your shift and you usually get weekends and major holidays off.
• The Trade-off: Local routes often pay somewhat less than long-haul jobs. You will also spend more time navigating stressful city traffic and potentially doing manual labor, like unloading your own freight.

2. Regional Truck Drivers:

Home Weekly
Regional driving is the sweet spot for many drivers. Instead of driving across the entire country, you’re assigned a specific region (like the Northeast or the Midwest). You’ll spend your week out on the highway sleeping in your cab, but you never go too far from your home base.

• Home Time: Regional drivers are typically out on the road for 4 to 5 days at a time and are home every weekend (or at least get multiple days off at home per week).
• The Trade-off: You get a great balance of higher pay and consistent family time, but your delivery deadlines are often very strict.

3. Over-The-Road (OTR):

Home Every 2 to 3 Weeks
When you picture a classic truck driver cruising from California to New York, you are picturing an OTR driver. OTR drivers (or long-haul truckers) cross the entire country.

• Home Time: Because you’re traveling massive distances, you can’t just turn around and go home on a Friday afternoon.
• The Trade-off: You’re making bank! OTR truckers are some of the highest paid CDL holders. It’s a tough job with long hours but you get paid lots of money.

What Else Controls Your Home Time?

Aside from whether you choose a Local, Regional, or OTR route, there are a few other big factors that dictate how often you get to park the truck and relax:

The Company You Work For:

Every trucking company operates differently.

Some carriers prioritize family time and have strict policies to get you home exactly when you request it.

Other companies are mostly focused on keeping the wheels turning and might push you to stay out longer.

When you are applying for jobs, always ask recruiters about their specific home-time policies!

The Area You Live In:

Your home zip code actually plays a massive role in your schedule.

If you live near major shipping hubs, busy highways, or your company’s terminal, it is incredibly easy for a dispatcher to find a load that routes you right through your hometown.

On the flip side, if you live far away from major freight lanes, getting you home takes more planning and can sometimes delay your time off.

Your Experience Level:

When you’re a brand-new driver, you often have to “pay your dues” and take the routes that are available. But after just one year of safe driving, you gain the leverage to demand better schedules and dedicated routes.

The Pay:

Sometimes, the choice to stay out longer is entirely yours!

If freight rates are booming and a high-paying load pops up that takes you in the opposite direction of your house, you might choose to skip your weekend home to chase the money.

Many truck drivers choose to stay on the road for a month at a time just to maximize their earning potential.

The first step to controlling your schedule is getting your CDL.

Let us help you get on the road to freedom!

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Will You Have a Life Outside of the Truck?

Yes, absolutely! The trucking industry has changed drastically over the last decade.

There is a massive shortage of qualified CDL drivers, especially after the ELDT rule and the recent Non-Domiciled rule. Trucking companies are bending over backwards to keep their drivers happy. Many carriers now offer guaranteed weekend home time, generous vacation days, and flexible scheduling.

Whether you want to maximize your income by living on the open road or you want a steady local job that lets you coach your kid’s little league team on the weekends, there is a trucking job out there built for your exact needs.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I pick my own schedule as a truck driver?

If you work as a standard company driver, your dispatcher will dictate your schedule. However, if you become an Owner-Operator (meaning you own your own truck), you are your own boss. You can choose exactly which loads you want to take and exactly when you want to go home!

What is a typical truck driver schedule?

There is no single “typical” schedule because it depends entirely on your specific job! Local drivers usually work a standard daytime shift (often 8 to 12 hours) and are home every night. However, Regional and Over-The-Road (OTR) drivers operate under strict federal “Hours of Service” (HOS) clocks. By law, long-haul drivers can be “on duty” for a maximum of 14 consecutive hours a day.

Do truck drivers get weekends off?

It completely depends on the type of route you choose. Local and regional drivers generally have standard weekends off. However, Over-The-Road (OTR) drivers might be out for three weeks at a time; they take their days off when their driving hour cycles reset, which doesn’t always line up with a Saturday or Sunday.

Do I have to drive cross-country (OTR) for my first trucking job?
No, you do not. It is a common myth that all new drivers must spend a year driving over-the-road. Because New Jersey and Pennsylvania are massive logistics hubs with busy ports and warehouses, there are plenty of local and regional companies that hire fresh CDL graduates right out of driving school.

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One of the questions we hear all the time is whether you need a high school diploma to get your CDL and start training.

NO, you don’t need a high school diploma or GED to get a CDL.

The requirements to get a CDL license is based on age, licensing, medical qualification, training and passing the required truck driving tests.

Here’s the best part, when it comes to CDL licenses academic background doesn’t matter.

Every student’s situation is different. If you want help understanding whether you can move forward with CDL training, contact Driving Academy and talk with an advisor today.

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What You Do Need To Get A CDL?

If you want a CDL, the bigger things to focus on are the actual licensing steps.

1. Age requirements

Federal rules say that before getting a Commercial Learner’s Permit, a person must be 18 years old or older and provide proof of age. Learn more about the Age Requirement for getting a CDL.

2. Knowledge testing

Federal rules also say you must pass the required general knowledge test for the type of commercial vehicle you expect to operate. FMCSA requries CDL applicants must pass both the knowledge test and the skills test in order to get a CDL.

3.Entry-Level Driver Training

Since 2022, ELDT applies to people who are obtaining a Class A or Class B CDL for the first time, upgrading from Class B to Class A, or getting certain endorsements for the first time. 

This is the yard and theory training that you must do at a FMCSA approved school like Driving Academy.

4. Medical Qualification

Drivers subject to the federal medical rules must also be medically qualified to operate a commercial motor vehicle. In short they must be able to pass a DOT physical.

Some Trucking Companies May Still Want High School Graduates

Even if the federal government doesn’t require a diploma for you to obtain CDL itself, some employers may still prefer one when they hire truck drivers. 

So not having a diploma may not stop you from getting a CDL, but it could affect your job hunting journey.

For those without a GED it just means you may need to put in a bit more effort on searching for employer who doesn’t require one, so you can start making a better living.

What To Do Next if You Don’t Have a Diploma?

If you do not have a diploma or GED, don’t  assume your trucking career is over.

All you’ve got to do is make sure you can meet the federal CDL steps: age, testing, training, and medical qualification.

After you get your CDL you can worry if a specific employer has any extra rules of their own.

If you want help understanding your CDL path, contact Driving Academy and speak with an advisor about your options. We have free job placement assistance that might help you out!

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FAQs About Getting a CDL Without a Diploma

Do you need a high school diploma for a CDL?

Luckily no you don’t need to graduate high school to get your diploma. Federal CDL rules focus on age, testing, training, and medical qualification rather than a HS diploma requirement.

Can you get a CDL without a GED?

Yes! Not having a GED does not block you from getting a CDL.

Do trucking companies care if you have a diploma?

Some do. Even when the CDL itself does not require one, some employers may still prefer or require a diploma or GED when hiring.

What do you actually need to get a CDL?

You usually need to meet age requirements, pass the required tests, complete ELDT when applicable, and meet medical standards.

Getting a Hazmat endorsement can open the door to better trucking jobs, but you do have to do it the right way. It is not only about passing a test. You also have to complete the required training and clear the TSA background process before the endorsement can be added to your CDL.

That may sound like a hassle, but it is actually pretty simple once you know the drill. In this article, we will walk you through exactly how to get your Hazmat endorsement. 

You could also learn about the process directly from our CDL Advisor!

Talk to a CDL Advisor Today

What a Hazmat Endorsement Actually Does?

A Hazmat endorsement lets a CDL driver haul hazardous materials in situations where federal rules require placarding. In CDL language, this is the H endorsement. FMCSA lists the hazardous materials endorsement as one of the first-time endorsement categories that triggers ELDT requirements.

A lot of drivers also end up looking at the X endorsement, which combines tanker and Hazmat. That usually comes up for drivers who want to haul fuel or other hazardous liquids.

What Materials Count as Hazmat?

Not every dangerous-looking substance requires a Hazmat endorsement. The federal government has a specific definition, and it comes down to whether the cargo requires placarding under DOT regulations.
If the material is listed in the DOT’s Hazardous Materials Table (49 CFR 172.101) and the quantity being transported meets the threshold for placarding, you need the H endorsement to haul it legally.
Here are the main categories with common examples:

•  Flammable Liquids
  Things like gasoline, diesel fuel, ethanol, and acetone. This is one of the most common hazmat loads truck drivers encounter, especially fuel tanker routes.
• Flammable Gases
  Propane, butane, and hydrogen. These are typically hauled in pressurized cylinders or tank trailers and require careful handling due to explosion risk.
• Explosives
  Ammunition, fireworks, blasting caps, and airbag inflators. Yes, airbag inflators are something a lot of drivers don’t realize falls under this category.
• Toxic or Poisonous Materials
  Pesticides, certain industrial chemicals, and chlorine. These require strict containment and emergency protocols in the event of a spill.
• Corrosives
  Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and battery acid. These can cause serious damage to skin, equipment, and the road surface if a leak occurs.
• Radioactive Materials
  Medical isotopes, nuclear fuel, and certain laboratory materials. This category requires the most careful handling and is tightly regulated by both DOT and the NRC.
• Oxidizers
  Hydrogen peroxide (in high concentrations) and ammonium nitrate. These don’t burn on their own but can intensify fires significantly when combined with other materials.
• Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials
  Dry ice, lithium batteries (in large quantities), and magnetized materials. Lithium batteries in particular are a growing category as e-commerce and EV shipments increase.

The key takeaway: it is not just chemicals in drums. Hazmat loads show up across all kinds of freight: fuel, agriculture, construction, and even consumer goods. If your load requires a placard on the trailer, you need the endorsement.

How Much More Can You Earn With a Hazmat Endorsement?

Adding a Hazmat endorsement to your CDL makes you eligible for a category of loads that most drivers simply cannot touch. That scarcity works in your favor. 

The Numbers
Drivers with a Hazmat endorsement can qualify for some of the highest paying trucking job. 
According to industry data, the average CDL-A driver earns around $78,000 per year. Drivers with Hazmat (especially combined with a tanker endorsement as the X endorsement) commonly earn $88,000 or more annually, with some specialized roles pushing past $100,000.

Why the Pay Is Higher?
It comes down to three things:

1. Liability: carriers pay more because the stakes are higher. A Hazmat spill creates legal, environmental, and financial exposure that a regular freight load does not.
2. Compliance: Hazmat loads require more paperwork, stricter routing, and tighter safety protocols. Drivers who know the rules are worth more.
3. Fewer qualified drivers: the TSA background check and ELDT requirement filters out a portion of applicants, so the supply of Hazmat-certified drivers is naturally smaller.

Jobs That Pay a Premium for Hazmat

• Fuel tanker driver (petroleum hauling)
• Chemical transport driver
• Industrial gas delivery
• Agricultural chemical hauling (fertilizers, pesticides)
• Government or military contractor freight

The Hazmat endorsement’s return on investment, measured over even a single year of driving, is significant. For most CDL drivers serious about increasing their earning potential, it is one of the best endorsements worth adding.

Want To Learn More About Hazmat Endorsement?

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Steps To Get A Hazmat Endorsement

Step 1: Make Sure Your CDL Situation Is Straight

Before you worry about Hazmat, make sure your CDL plan makes sense for the type of truck you want to drive. The Hazmat endorsement is not a separate license by itself. It gets added onto a CDL. So the endorsement does not replace your Class A or Class B. It sits on top of it.

That means:

• Class A CDL with Hazmat can lead to many tractor-trailer Hazmat jobs
  Class B CDL with Hazmat can apply to some straight-truck Hazmat jobs

The truck class depends on the vehicle. The Hazmat endorsement depends on the cargo.

Step 2: Complete Hazmat ELDT Training

Before 2022, you could just walk into the DMV, take a test, and get your endorsement. That is no longer the case.

By federal law, you must complete an approved Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT) theory course specific to hazardous materials before you are allowed to take the written test at the DMV.

This training covers critical safety protocols, including how to read placards, how to properly load and segregate dangerous chemicals, and what to do in a roadside emergency. You must ensure the school you use is listed on the FMCSA Training Provider Registry (TPR). If they aren’t on the list, your training won’t count.

Step 3: Apply for the TSA Background Check

After training, you still have another major step: TSA. TSA runs the Hazardous Materials Endorsement Threat Assessment Program for drivers who want to obtain, renew, or transfer a Hazmat endorsement.

This is what makes Hazmat different from many other CDL endorsements. You are not only proving knowledge. You are also going through a security screening. TSA reviews identity and checks for certain disqualifying offenses and other factors.

A lot of drivers are not worried about the written test. They are worried about the background side of Hazmat. That is fair. TSA has an official list of disqualifying offenses and other factors, and some of them can block an applicant either temporarily or permanently depending on the situation.

Step 4: Take the Hazmat Test

Once you have completed your ELDT training, you must pass a written knowledge test at your state’s DMV. The test is usually 30 multiple-choice questions, and you must score at least an 80% (24 correct answers) to pass.

Important Note on Order of Operations: Depending on the state you live in, the order of Steps might flip. Some states require you to pass the TSA background check before they let you take the DMV test. Other states make you pass the written test before you can apply for TSA clearance. 

Step 5: Finish the State License Process

Once the DMV receives your passing test score and the official clearance from the TSA, they will issue you a new CDL with the “H” endorsement printed right on it. You are now officially certified to haul hazardous materials!

How Long Does It Take to Get a Hazmat Endorsement?

The training and the testing are the fast parts. The waiting is what takes time.

• ELDT Training: Can usually be completed online in a few hours.
• TSA Background Check: This is the bottleneck. The TSA states it can take anywhere from 30 to 60 days to process your background check and clear your fingerprints.

Overall, expect the entire process to take roughly 6 to 10 weeks from start to finish.

FAQs About How to Get a Hazmat Endorsement

Do you need ELDT for a Hazmat endorsement?
Yes. Federal law requires all drivers applying for a Hazmat endorsement for the first time to complete an approved Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT) theory course before taking the state knowledge test.
Can you take the Hazmat test before ELDT?
No. The DMV will check the FMCSA Training Provider Registry to verify you have completed your ELDT training. If your name is not in the system, they will not let you take the test.
Does Hazmat ELDT include behind-the-wheel training?
No. Unlike obtaining a Class A or Class B CDL, the Hazmat ELDT requirement is strictly a “theory” (classroom or online) course. There is no mandatory behind-the-wheel component for this specific endorsement.
What is the TSA Hazmat threat assessment?
It is a mandatory, deep-level background check conducted by the Transportation Security Administration. It involves submitting your fingerprints and passing a review of your criminal history, immigration status, and FBI records to ensure you are safe to transport dangerous materials.

Getting a CDL in Pennsylvania can feel like a lot to take on, especially when you start looking into everything PennDOT requires: the permit tests, training hours, skills test, it adds up fast. Most people don’t know where to begin, and that’s completely normal.

The good news? You don’t have to figure it all out on your own. At Driving Academy, we walk students through the process step by step, so you’re not left guessing what comes next or scrambling to meet a deadline you didn’t know existed. This guide covers everything you need to know!

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Before you start: Choose The Right CDL

Before starting the process of getting a CDL in Pennsylvania, it’s important to decide which CDL class fits your career goals. The type of CDL you choose determines the vehicles you can drive and the types of jobs available to you.

Class A CDL (Most Popular Option)

Best if you want:

• -Tractor-trailer driving (combination vehicles)
• -Access to the largest number of trucking jobs
• -Flexibility between local, regional, and over-the-road (OTR) driving

A Class A CDL typically offers the most career opportunities and earning potential in the trucking industry.

Types of Class A Vehicles

Tractor-Trailers

Tanker Trailers

Flatbed Trailers

Livestock Carriers

Car Transporters

Class B CDL

Best if you want:

• -Straight truck jobs such as dump trucks, box trucks, or delivery trucks
• -Certain local driving positions
• -Municipal or fleet jobs, depending on the employer

Types of Class B Vehicles

Box Truck

Dump Truck

School Bus

Garbage Truck

City Bus

Cement Truck

Tanker Truck

Flatbed

Snow Plow

Crane

If you’re unsure which license is right for you, you can also learn more about the difference between a Class A and Class B CDL before starting the process.

Pennsylvania CDL Requirements

Before applying for a CDL in Pennsylvania, you must meet several basic requirements.

These are the minimum qualifications to begin the process of becoming a commercial driver:

• Have a valid Pennsylvania driver’s license
• Be at least 18 years old to drive within Pennsylvania
• Be 21 years old to drive across state lines
• Be legally authorized to work in the United States
• Pass a DOT physical exam

Most CDL drivers are required to obtain a DOT Medical Examiner’s Certificate, which confirms they meet federal health standards for commercial drivers.

Even if you’re eager to start studying for your CDL permit tests right away, completing the physical early can help prevent delays later in the process.

Steps To Get A CDL In Pennsylvania

Step 1: Get Your Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP)

The very first step of getting a CDL in Pennsylvania, you must obtain a Commercial Learner’s Permit aka CLP.

This permit allows you to practice driving a commercial vehicle while supervised by a licensed CDL driver.

To receive your CLP you will need to:

1. Complete the CDL permit application
2. Provide identification documents
3. Submit your DOT medical certificate
4. Pass the required written CDL tests
5. Pay the permit fee

Before you study for the exam, make sure you understand the test subject you need for the type of CDL that you are getting:

CDL Endorsements

So besides the general subject for getting a CLP, there are certain types of “endorsements” that you need on your Pennsylvania CDL in order to operate these types of cargo or transport passengers. The endorsements means you have a specialized knowledge to operate these vehicles safely.

What Are The Endorsements You Can Get?

There are 6 truck driving endorsements that you can get on your license that allow you to legally transport different types of vehicles and cargo.

They are:

Step 2: ELDT (Entry-Level Driver Training)

Before you can take the CDL road test in Pennsylvania, you must complete Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT). This training is required by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and applies to new CDL applicants across the United States, including drivers applying through PennDOT in Pennsylvania.

The program has two required parts:

1)  ELDT Theory (classroom instruction)

2) Behind-the-Wheel training

Both parts must be completed through an FMCSA-approved CDL school that is listed in the Training Provider Registry (TPR) before you can schedule your Pennsylvania CDL road test. In order to take your road test, you’ll need to complete both portions of the training at a federally licensed CDL school such as Driving Academy.

 
ELDT Theory

ELDT theory training is the classroom portion of the program and covers the core knowledge every commercial driver needs before operating a truck or bus on public roads.

The federal government introduced this requirement because passing the CDL permit test alone does not always guarantee that a driver fully understands everything needed to operate a commercial vehicle safely.

 
To pass the ELDT exam, students must score at least 80%. If you don’t pass the first time, you can simply retake the test. Once you complete the ELDT theory portion, you’re ready to move on to the hands-on portion of CDL training.

Behind-the-Wheel Training

The second part of ELDT training is Behind-the-Wheel instruction, where students learn to operate a commercial vehicle with a certified CDL instructor.

This training must be completed in person at a licensed CDL school like Driving Academy.

Some people assume they can learn to drive a truck from a friend or family member who already has a CDL. Unfortunately, that does not meet the federal training requirements.

According to federal regulations:

Anyone applying for a Class A or Class B CDL for the first time must complete training with a provider listed on the FMCSA Training Provider Registry.

So, if you haven’t already, make sure to enroll at a CDL driving school like Driving Academy for yard training.

Yard Training

Most of the behind-the-wheel portion of CDL training begins in a training yard, sometimes called the range.

Yard training takes place in a controlled environment where students practice important truck control skills before driving on public roads.

This portion of training helps prepare you for the Pennsylvania CDL skills test, which includes several vehicle control maneuvers.

The layout of a CDL training yard often mirrors the sections of the CDL road test, allowing students to practice the exact skills they will be tested on later.

Truck Yard Training

Pre-Trip Inspection

Where you practice the external inspection typically on a stationary truck

In-Cab Inspection / Air Brake Test

Where you practice the inside inspection on a truck that can move enough to do the tug test

Parking Maneuvers

Where you practice backing up and parking the truck

Road Driving

An instructor takes you out on the public road to practice driving and shifting gears

Step 3: CDL Skills Test (Road Test)

The final step in getting your CDL in Pennsylvania is passing the CDL Skills Test, also known as the CDL road test.

The test evaluates whether you can safely inspect and operate a commercial vehicle. In Pennsylvania, the CDL skills exam is divided into three main sections.

1) Pre-Trip Inspection

The first part of the CDL skills test is the Pre-Trip Inspection.

During this portion of the test, you’ll need to demonstrate that you understand how to inspect a commercial vehicle for safety issues before driving.

The examiner will expect you to identify and explain key components of the truck or bus and confirm that they are working properly.

The pre-trip inspection is usually broken into two sections:

Outside Inspection

You will walk around the vehicle and identify parts. You must also explain what you are checking for, such as leaks, damage, loose parts, or proper air pressure.

In-Cab Inspection

Inside the cab, you will demonstrate that you know how to check important systems.

The goal of this section is to prove that you understand how to ensure your vehicle is safe before driving.

2) Basic Vehicle Control (Parking Maneuvers)

The second portion of the CDL skills test evaluates your Basic Vehicle Control.

In this section, you will perform several parking and backing maneuvers inside a controlled testing area marked with cones and painted lines.

These exercises are designed to test your ability to control the vehicle in tight spaces, which is something truck drivers must do regularly at loading docks, yards, and warehouses.

During these exercises, you must guide the truck into the designated area without hitting cones or crossing boundary lines. The rules may seem strict, but the reason is simple: in the real world, crossing those lines could mean hitting a building, another vehicle, or a loading dock.

3) On-Road Driving Test

The final part of the CDL skills test is the on-road driving portion. This section is similar to the driving test you took for your regular driver’s license, but you’ll be operating a much larger vehicle.

Your examiner will guide you through a variety of real-world driving situations to evaluate how safely and confidently you operate the vehicle.

Note: One key difference between the CDL road test and a standard driver’s license test is that you will also be expected to actively identify road signs, such as speed limits, bridge clearances, and other safety signs relevant to commercial drivers.

Taking Your CDL Road Test in Pennsylvania?

Drivers in Pennsylvania typically take their CDL skills test through PennDOT, but there is another option.

Driving Academy is a fully certified third-party CDL road test provider in Pennsylvania. This means you can complete your CDL road test with us instead of scheduling it through a PennDOT testing location.

Our Pennsylvania CDL testing center can administer road tests for drivers from anywhere in the United States, helping many students complete the final step of getting their CDL faster.

Pennsylvania CDL Costs

Here are some common PennDOT fees you can expect when getting your CDL in Pennsylvania:

• Knowledge Test Fee: $25
• CDL License Fee (4-year): approximately $94.50
• Endorsements: additional fees may apply depending on the endorsement
• DOT Physical: varies depending on the medical clinic
• CDL Training Tuition: varies depending on the school and program

These costs can vary slightly depending on your situation and the type of CDL you are pursuing.

How Much Does CDL School Cost in Pennsylvania?

The cost of CDL training in Pennsylvania can vary depending on the type of program, the length of training, and what is included in the course.

On average, CDL school in Pennsylvania typically costs between $3,000 and $10,000.

At CDL Driving Academy, our CDL training programs are designed to be affordable and accessible. Our courses typically range between $3,000 and $5,600, with our Guaranteed CDL programs starting at just $4,600.

To make CDL training more accessible, we also offer flexible payment plans starting with as little as $500 down, helping students begin their trucking careers without a large upfront cost.

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How much does it cost to get a CDL in Pennsylvania?

The total cost depends on PennDOT fees, your DOT physical, and CDL school tuition. Pennsylvania typically charges a commercial learner’s permit fee (about $25) and a CDL license fee (around $94.50 for a 4-year license), with additional fees if you add endorsements. On top of that, most students also pay for a DOT physical exam and CDL training, which can vary depending on the school, schedule, amount of driving time, and what is included in the program (such as ELDT training, road test preparation, and testing support).

Can you get a CDL in PA without going to school?

Technically, you can attempt to get a CDL in Pennsylvania without attending a CDL school, but most new drivers are required to complete Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT) before taking the CDL skills test. Federal regulations require that anyone applying for a Class A or Class B CDL for the first time complete training through a provider listed on the FMCSA Training Provider Registry. While the law doesn’t always require a traditional “school,” the ELDT requirement means you must complete both the theory training and behind-the-wheel instruction through an approved training provider before you can schedule your CDL road test.

Is the CDL test hard to pass in Pennsylvania?

The CDL test can be challenging if you are not properly prepared, but most students who complete professional CDL training and practice the required skills are able to pass. The test evaluates your knowledge of vehicle safety, your ability to control the truck during basic maneuvers, and your ability to safely operate the vehicle on public roads.

What happens if I fail the CDL test in Pennsylvania?

If you fail part of the CDL skills test, you usually only need to retake the portion that you failed. You do not need to restart the entire CDL process, but you will need to schedule another test and may need to pay an additional testing fee.

Can I get CDL training in Pennsylvania while working full-time?

Yes. Driving Academy offers flexible training schedules, including weekend or part-time options, which allow students to complete CDL training while continuing to work. Full-time programs are usually the fastest way to complete training, but part-time options can help students balance work and training.

GCWR stands for Gross Combined Weight Rating.

In the trucking industry, the GCWR is the absolute maximum allowable weight of your entire rig combined. This means the total weight of your towing vehicle (the truck) PLUS the total weight of your loaded trailer.

Your GCWR includes absolutely everything rolling down the highway:

• The weight of the truck cab itself
• The weight of the empty trailer
• All of the freight and cargo loaded inside
• The driver and any passengers
• All engine fluids and a full tank of diesel fuel

It is the structural limit determined by the manufacturer of what your truck’s engine, transmission, axles, and brakes can safely pull and stop. If your actual combined weight exceeds your GCWR, you are operating beyond the manufacturer’s rating.

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GCWR vs. GVWR: What is the Difference?

This is the number one question we get from students studying for their CDL permit tests. It is incredibly easy to confuse GCWR with GVWR, but the difference comes down to one simple word: Combined.

• GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating): This applies to a single unit. Your truck has its own GVWR (what the truck can hold). Your trailer has its own separate GVWR (what the trailer can hold).
• GCWR (Gross Combined Weight Rating): This applies to the entire combination. It is the maximum weight limit of the truck and the trailer hooked together as one moving unit.

Pro Tip: When you pull an 18-wheeler onto a DOT scale at a weigh station, the officer is checking to make sure your total weight does not exceed your GCWR!

Why GCWR Determines Your CDL Class

Why does the DOT care so much about this number? Because your GCWR directly determines what class of Commercial Driver’s License you need to legally drive the truck!

FMCSA uses GCWR for combination vehicles and GVWR for single vehicles when determining CDL group classifications.

Here is the golden rule:

You need a Class A CDL if your vehicle has a GCWR of 26,001 pounds or more, AND the trailer you are towing has a GVWR of more than 10,000 pounds.

If you are driving a heavy-duty pickup truck pulling a massive gooseneck flatbed, or a standard semi-truck pulling a 53-foot dry van, you have officially entered Class A CDL territory. You cannot legally turn the key without the proper license.

Don’t Risk Getting the Wrong License!

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How to Find Your Truck’s GCWR

You should never have to guess how much weight your truck can safely handle. Finding your GCWR is simple:

• The Door Jamb Placard: Open the driver’s side door of your commercial truck. Look for the federal compliance sticker (usually a metal plate or heavy-duty sticker) on the inside frame. It will list your GVWR, your axle ratings, and your GCWR.
• The Owner’s Manual: If the sticker is faded, you can always check the manufacturer’s manual for your specific truck’s make, model, and rear axle ratio to find the exact towing capacity and GCWR.

Check the manufacturer label first, then confirm with the owner’s manual or manufacturer specifications if GCWR is not clearly shown.

What Happens If You Exceed Your GCWR?

In the logistics industry, dispatchers always want to move as much freight as possible. But if you allow someone to load your truck and trailer past its Gross Combined Weight Rating, you are the one who will pay the price.

Here is what might happen when you get caught running overweight:

• Overweight Tickets: DOT weigh stations do not mess around. Overweight tickets are often calculated per pound over the limit. You could easily face thousands of dollars in fines, which go directly onto your permanent driving record.
• Placed “Out of Service”: You will not be allowed to leave the scale house. The DOT officer will place you out of service, meaning you are stuck there until another truck arrives to take the excess freight off your trailer.
• Deadly Brake Failure: Your GCWR is primarily based on stopping power. If you are hauling more weight than your rig is rated for, your air brakes will overheat and fail, especially on steep downhill grades.
• Blown Transmissions & Tires: Pulling too much weight will literally tear your truck apart, blowing out commercial tires and destroying your transmission.

FAQ: GCWR in the Trucking Industry

What is the GCWR of a standard semi-truck?
While the exact GCWR varies depending on the engine and axles of the truck, the federal legal weight limit for a standard 5-axle 18-wheeler rolling down the interstate is capped at 80,000 pounds.
How do I calculate my GCWR?
You don’t calculate it, the manufacturer assigns it! However, for DOT licensing purposes, enforcement officers will often calculate your vehicle’s combined weight rating by adding the GVWR of the towing truck to the GVWR of the trailer.
Does GCWR include the payload?

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Do I need a CDL if my GCWR is under 26,000 lbs?

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So you know you want to become a professional truck driver? In order to do that, you’re going to need to get a commercial driver’s license.

Now, for us here at Driving Academy, we always recommend students get a Class A Commercial Drivers license. And in response it’s not uncommon to get asked the question “What is a CDL Class A license?”

Class A CDL License

A Class A CDL is the often regarded as the most valuable commercial driver’s license.

To sum it up, having a Class A Driver’s License allows you to operate a combination vehicle (a truck with a trailer) with a gross combination weight rating (GCWR) of 26,001 pounds or more, and a trailer of more than 10,000 pounds.

In simple terms, this is the license most drivers need if they want to operate a tractor-trailer, semi-truck or other large truck-and-trailer combination.

For many future truck drivers, class A CDL is the best license to pursue since it gives access to the widest range of commercial driving jobs as well as the most flexibility in the trucking industry.

In this blog post we’re going to explain why!

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What Is a CDL License?

Before we dive into the different classes of CDL, lets go over what a CDL is.

A CDL, or Commercial Driver’s License, is a special type of driver’s license required to operate certain large, heavy or specialized vehicles for commercial purposes. Federal rules divide CDLs into Class A, Class B and Class C, depending on the type and weight of the vehicle being driven.

Here are the 3 types of CDL Classes:

Despite what you may have heard, air brakes are not required for a truck to be considered a CDL class vehicle.

What Can You Drive With a Class A CDL?

The main reason Driving Academy recommends our student to go after a Class A CDL is because it qualifies them for jobs involving large combination vehicles AND any Class B vehicles (besides passenger buses).

Not only that you have more job opportunity but also the average pay for a Class A CDL driver is much more than a Class B.

Here’s a closer look at the most common combination vehicles associated with a Class A CDL:

• Tractor-trailers – These are the standard semi-trucks most people think of when they picture a professional truck driver. They are commonly used for long-haul, regional, and freight transportation jobs.
• Dry vans – Dry vans are enclosed trailers used to haul general freight such as retail goods, packaged products, and non-perishable items. This is one of the most common trailer types in trucking.
• Reefers – Reefer trailers are refrigerated trailers used to transport temperature-sensitive freight like food, beverages, and medical supplies. These jobs may require more attention because the cargo needs to stay at specific temperatures.
• Flatbeds – Flatbed trailers are open trailers used to haul oversized or irregularly shaped freight such as lumber, steel, machinery, or construction materials. Drivers may need to know how to secure loads properly.
• Tanker trucks – Tanker vehicles are used to haul liquids or gases. Some tanker jobs require additional endorsements and may involve more careful driving because liquid cargo can shift during transport.
• Livestock haulers – These trailers are designed to transport animals. This type of work may require extra care, timing, and specialized handling depending on what is being moved.
• Doubles and triples – With the proper endorsement, a Class A CDL can also allow you to pull double or triple trailers. These setups are more specialized and are not used in every type of trucking job, but this endorsement can expand your driving options (and pay) even more.

How Much Does A Class A CDL Driver Make?

Class A CDL drivers are among the highest-paid professionals in the trucking industry, with average annual earnings typically ranging from about $76,000 on the low end to $123,000 on the high end according to Indeed’s salary database.

Experienced tractor-trailer drivers or specialized haulers often making well over six figures. Pay can vary based on factors like experience, location, and the type of freight being hauled, but the biggest driver of higher income is larger load with more responsibility.

An average Class A CDL driver can make around $97,000/year

Furthermore, Larger, heavier, or more complex loads (such as oversized freight, hazardous materials or long-haul cross-country shipments) require additional skills, certifications and attention to safety.

Because of this increased responsibility and risk, these jobs come with significantly higher pay, rewarding drivers who are willing and qualified to handle the demands of bigger loads.

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Class A CDL Qualification

In order to qualify for a Class A CDL, make sure you meet these requirements before taking the skills test. FMCSA says first-time Class A applicants are generally subject to Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT) rules, and drivers must complete applicable training before becoming eligible for the CDL skills test.

In general, Class A CDL applicants need to:

• Meet their state’s identification and licensing requirements
• Get a Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP)
• Hold the CLP for at least 14 days before taking the skills test
• Complete applicable ELDT from a provider listed in FMCSA’s Training Provider Registry

These requirements varies state by state, but the federal framework is pretty much the same: permit first, training second, skills test last.

Do you qualify to get a Class A CDL?

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How To Get a CDL Class A License?

To get a Class A CDL and start making good money, drivers must pass both the knowledge tests and the CDL skills test. This is why choosing a good school like Driving Academy for your Class A CDL training is very important. Passing the written exam is only part of the process, you also need real vehicle practice to be ready for the road test.

Step 1: CDL Knowledge Tests (Permit Tests)

You must first pass the required written knowledge tests and receive your CLP.

The knowledge tests cover topics like:

• General Knowledge
• Combination Vehicles
• Air Brakes

CDL Endorsements

Endorsements are needed when you want to haul certain types of cargo or transport passengers. These “endorsements” shows that you have a specialized knowledge to operate these vehicles safely.

What Are The Endorsements You Can Get?

There are 4 truck driving endorsements that you can get on your license that allow you to legally transport different types of vehicles and cargo.

Endorsement	Purpose	Special Requirement	Knowledge Test
T – Double & Triple Trailer	Pulling 2 or 3 trailers. (Where legally allowed)	Class A license is required	✔️
N – Tanker Vehicle	Transporting liquids or gas in a tanker	Just pass Knowledge Test	✔️
H – Hazardous Materials	Transporting hazardous materials	Must be trained & retested every 2 years. Note: Federal Requirements	✔️
X – Combination Hazardous Materials & Tank Vehicles	Transporting hazardous materials in a tank	Earned automatically with both “H” & “N” Endorsements.

Note: For a HazMat (H) endorsement, you must complete your TSA background check before taking the written test.

Step 2: ELDT(Entry-Level Driver Training)

In order to take the road test for you Class A CDL, you mush first complete your ELDT which stands for Entry-Level Driver Training.

Now there are two parts to the ELDT truck drive training: ELDT Theory and Behind-The-Wheel. In order to take your road test, you’ll need to complete both portions of the training at a federally licensed CDL school like Driving Academy.

 

ELDT Theory

ELDT theory is the curriculum required by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) for those looking to get their Class A CDL.

The government wanted to make sure that everyone had a standard piece of knowledge so they mandated that every student take an ELDT theory course.

This program covers things you need to know to drive a Class A CDL truck. 

There are no required minimum teaching hours for theory training,

Because there isn’t a single format, it’s up to the schools to build a curriculum that gets approved by the FMCSA. This leeway with the CDL program means the coursework can be done in a live classroom, online or through a collection of recorded videos.

Once you complete the training, you need to take another test to prove your knowledge. 

Once you pass the ELDT theory exam you’re ready to rock and roll. You’re now up to the fun part, practicing on a real truck!

 

Behind-The-Wheel Training

The second part of training is where you get to practice driving a Class A truck. This Behind-The-Wheel training is done at a certified truck driving school like Driving Academy.

You might be thinking, “Hey, why can’t I just practice on my uncle/brother/friend’s truck. I’ll just learn with them and get my Class A CDL.”

…Nope.

You Must Complete Behind-The-Wheel Training In-Person At A Licensed CDL School!

According to § 380.609 of the Federal Code regarding entry-level driver training requirements:

“An individual who applies, for the first time, for a Class A or Class B CDL, or who upgrades to a Class A or B CDL, must complete driver training from a provider listed on the Training Provider Registry (TPR).”

This means that truck driver training can only be done by a licensed instructor at a federally approved school.

So, if you haven’t already, you’ve got to enroll at a CDL driving school like Driving Academy for yard training.

Class A Yard Training

Your behind-the-wheel training will take place in a yard or lot, which is why it’s often referred to as yard training.

Yard training at a certified trucking school is a crucial part of a commercial driver’s license training program.

Not only is it federally mandated but it takes place in a controlled environment (the “yard”) where students learn to safely operate and maneuver a truck before heading out on public roads.

This CDL yard training helps you become a truck driver by preparing you for the road test.

Different schools have different set ups, but a training yard typically consists of four sections that mirror the parts of the CDL road test.

Truck Yard Training

https://youtu.be/pXFjSDHeajY?si=ArznmEroqHeP8s0w

Pre-Trip Inspection

Where you practice the external inspection typically on a stationary truck

In-Cab Inspection / Air Brake Test

Where you practice the inside inspection on a truck that can move enough to do the tug test

Parking Maneuvers

Where you practice backing up and parking the truck

Road Driving

An instructor takes you out on the public road to practice driving and shifting gears

Step 3: CDL Skills Test (Road Test)

The skills test has three parts:

1) Pre-Trip Inspection

The first stage of the Class A CDL road test is the Pre-Trip Inspection. In this section you’re going to have to know how to inspect both the outside and then inside of the vehicle.

2)Basic Control

The second stage of the Class A CDL road test is the Parking Maneuvers. These are going to test your Basic Vehicle Control.

You’ll just need to do things like Forward Stop, Straight Line Backing, Forward Offset and Reverse Offset.

You’ll need to demonstrate your ability to control the truck by guiding it into a defined area marked with traffic cones and painted lines.

You will fail your CDL skill test if you miss or go over the lines. It might seem unfair but in the real world, if you go over the line, then “BAM!” you’ve hit a car or building.

3) Road Test

The final part of the CDL exam is driving the truck on the road itself. This CDL road test is just like the road test you took when you got your regular license.

Your examiner will tell you where to drive and put you in a variety of traffic situations. This would include:

• Left and Right Turns
• Intersections
• Railroad Crossings
• Up and Down grades
• Single and Multi-Lane Roads, Streets, and Highways

Note: The main difference between the Class A CDL road test and a regular car road test is that you’ll also need to point out signs like speed limits and bridge heights.

Is a Class A CDL Better Than a Class B CDL?

For many students here at the Driving Academy, the biggest benefit of a Class A CDL is flexibility. Compared with other CDL classes, Class A usually opens the door to more types of vehicles, more employers and more pay.

Why many students choose Class A CDL：

• Higher pay
• Access to more trucking jobs
• Ability to drive large combination vehicles
• Stronger long-term career flexibility
• Opportunity to add endorsements and expand job options
• Potential to move into regional, local, or over-the-road work depending on goals

If you are still not sure about which CDL to get, you can check out our previous article Class A vs. Class B CDL.

FAQ: Class A CDL

Can a Class A CDL driver drive Class B vehicles?

Yes, Class A covers a broader category of commercial vehicle operation. However it also depends on endorsements and state rules.  Specifically you would need a passenger endorsement to drive a bus.

What’s the difference between Class A and Class B?

A Class A CDL is for combination vehicles with a gross combination weight rating of 26,001 pounds or more, as long as the towed unit is over 10,000 pounds. A Class B CDL is for a single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of 26,001 pounds or more, or that same vehicle towing 10,000 pounds or less. In simple terms, Class A is usually for tractor-trailers and semi-trucks, while Class B is more common for straight trucks, box trucks, dump trucks, and some buses.

Is Class A the highest CDL?

Yes, Class A is generally considered the highest and most flexible CDL class because it covers large combination vehicles and usually opens the door to the broadest range of commercial driving jobs. Federal CDL group definitions place Class A above Class B in terms of vehicle combinations and towing capacity.

Who makes more, CDL A or B?

In many cases, Class A drivers tend to make more because they can qualify for more long-haul, regional, and specialized freight jobs. Class B jobs can still pay well, but they are often tied to more local or straight-truck roles, which may have a different pay structure.

Learn More About Class A CDLs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPohUhLbnaU

It can be confusing to figure out whether you need a CDL or if a regular driver’s license is enough. Some box trucks can be driven without a CDL, while others require a Class B license because of their weight or how they are used.

The good news is that you do not have to guess.

In this guide, we’ll break down when a CDL is required for a box truck, what GVWR means, and how to know which rules apply before you get started.

What Is a Box Truck?

A box truck is a single-unit straight truck with an enclosed cargo area attached to the chassis.

People use box trucks for moving jobs, local deliveries, furniture routes, appliance delivery, and many other kinds of work.

From a licensing point of view, the important thing is that it is usually treated as a single vehicle, not a tractor-trailer combination. That is why larger box trucks usually fall under Class B CDL rules instead of Class A rules. Learn more about the difference between Class A and Class B CDL.

Weight Rating Explained

This is the part people usually get confused: the rule is based on what the vehicle is rated to weigh, not just what it physically weighs that day.

That means an empty box truck can still require a CDL if its GVWR is high enough. The federal CDL rules use the GVWR on the vehicle, not just the current load in the back. So if you are looking at a box truck job, you should not guess based on how big the truck looks. You should find the GVWR sticker, usually on the driver-side door area, and check the number directly. If it’s not on the truck it would be listed in the owner’s manual.

If that number is 26,001 pounds or more, you are in Class B CDL territory.

When You Do Need a CDL for a Box Truck?

You do need a CDL for a box truck when the truck crosses the federal CDL threshold or falls into one of the special CDL-use categories. The most common reason is weight, but hazardous materials transport can also change the answer.

1. The Box Truck Has a GVWR of 26,001 Pounds or More

The most common reason you need a CDL for a box truck is because of the truck’s GVWR, which stands for gross vehicle weight rating. If the box truck is a single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001 pounds or more, it usually requires a Class B CDL under the federal CDL rules. That is why two box trucks can look very similar, but one may legally require a CDL while the other does not.

2.The Box Truck Is Carrying Hazardous Materials

Even if the box truck is under the normal CDL weight threshold, you may still need a CDL if the truck is transporting hazardous materials in a way that triggers the federal hazmat CDL requirement. FMCSA guidance explains that hazardous materials can make a CDL necessary even when the truck is smaller than 26,001 pounds.

Note: Always Check the GVWR Sticker, Not Just the Load

A big mistake people make is thinking the answer depends on how much the truck weighs that day. In reality, the main issue is usually what the truck is rated to weigh, not what it happens to weigh while empty or loaded.

That is why checking the GVWR sticker on the door or manufacturer’s plate is so important before you accept a box truck job.

What Kind of CDL Do You Need for a Box Truck?

If the box truck is over the CDL threshold, it is usually a Class B CDL but you can also drive it with a Class A CDL.

A Class B CDL allows you to drive a single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001 pounds or more. If there is a trailer, that trailer must be 10,000 pounds GVWR or less. For most box truck jobs, the vehicle is a single unit without a heavy trailer, so Class B is the license people usually need.

A Class B CDL can also open the door to other vehicles in the same category, such as:

• Large box trucks
• Dump trucks
• Cement trucks
• Garbage trucks
• Buses (with a passenger endorsement)

Penalties for Driving a Box Truck Without a CDL

Driving a box truck that legally requires a CDL without having the proper license can create serious problems for both the driver and the company.

Under the federal rules, a person who is required to have a CDL must not operate a commercial motor vehicle without the proper class or endorsements, and employers must not knowingly allow it either.

Fines and Citations

The exact fine usually depends on state law and the specific violation written by the officer. That is why the dollar amount can vary from one state to another.

But even without one universal federal ticket amount, the federal rules are very clear that operating a CMV without the proper CDL is a serious violation.

In general the fine for operating a large truck with out a CDL license is in the $1000’s!

It can lead to citations, fines, and being pulled out of service until a properly licensed driver takes over.

Problems for the Driver

For the driver, the biggest risk is simple: you can be cited for operating a vehicle you are not legally licensed to drive. That can create an expensive problem right away, and it can also hurt future job opportunities if the violation ends up on your record. Federal CDL rules also say drivers required to have a CLP or CDL are subject to disqualification sanctions for certain convictions and violations.

Problems for the Employer

The company can also get in trouble. Federal law says an employer may not allow, require, permit, or authorize a driver to operate a CMV if the employer knows or should reasonably know that the driver does not have the current CDL, the proper class, or the proper endorsements.

Out-of-Service Risk

One of the most immediate consequences is that the trip may simply stop. If enforcement determines the vehicle requires a CDL and the driver does not have the right license, the driver may not be allowed to keep operating that truck. In practical terms, that can delay the job and create extra towing or dispatch costs. This will also leave the company scrambling for a properly licensed replacement driver. This is an inference based on the federal rule that a person required to have a CDL must not operate without one and the enforcement treatment of such violations as serious.

The safest way to avoid these penalties is to verify the truck before you drive it. Check the GVWR sticker, confirm whether the truck is carrying placarded hazardous materials, and make sure it is not being used in a way that changes the CDL requirement.

Don’t risk your job or a massive $5,000 fine. If the trucks you want to drive require a CDL, we can help you get licensed fast.

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FAQ

What Kind of CDL Do You Need for a Box Truck?
A Class B CDL allows you to drive a single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001 pounds or more. If there is a trailer, that trailer generally must be 10,000 pounds GVWR or less.
Can You Drive a Non-CDL Box Truck for Work?

Yes. A lot of people work in non-CDL box truck jobs. These can include local delivery, moving work, furniture delivery, retail distribution, and other straight-truck routes. The key is still the same: you need to know whether the truck is a CDL box truck or a non-CDL box truck before you say yes to the job.

Do Rental Box Trucks Require a CDL?

Usually, no. Many rental box trucks are designed to stay under the CDL threshold so regular drivers can rent them. But you should still double-check the GVWR before assuming. If the rental company gives you a truck that crosses into CDL territory and you do not have the correct license, the risk is still on the driver. That is why checking the sticker matters so much.

Why Would Someone Want a CDL for Box Truck Work?
A Class B CDL can give you access to larger straight trucks and more commercial driving options than non-CDL box truck work alone. It can also make you eligible for jobs that involve larger delivery vehicles, municipal trucks, construction-related trucks, and other heavier straight vehicles. If your goal is to move up from basic non-CDL work into better-paying or more flexible driving jobs, a Class B CDL can be a smart next step.
How to Get a Class B CDL for Box Truck Jobs

First, you get your CDL permit by passing the required written tests. Then you complete the training that applies to your situation. FMCSA says many first-time Class B applicants must complete Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT) before taking the skills test. After that, you take the CDL skills test. Learn more about how to get a CDL.

Watch The Video

Hey future trucker! In today’s guide, we’re going to give you the exact explanation of what a CDL Class B vehicle is.

Now, “CDL” stands for Commercial Driver’s License. Commercial means that you can make money being a driver. Once you get a CDL, you are officially considered a professional driver and can make a boatload of money doing it! 

In this post, we’re going to explain exactly what a Class B license is, the rules surrounding it, and all the different things you can do with it. You can also talk to a Free CDL advisor at Driving Academy if you have any question in mind.

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What Is A Class B CDL License?

A Class B CDL is the perfect license for drivers who want to make a great living in the local market, stay close to home, and avoid driving massive tractor-trailers.

By federal definition, having a Class B Driver’s License allows you to operate a single vehicle that has a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of more than 26,000 pounds. If you decide to attach a trailer to that vehicle, the trailer must weigh less than 10,000 pounds.

In simple terms: The truck itself is built to carry heavy loads, but you aren’t towing a massive, heavy trailer behind you.

(Note: A common exception to this rule is large RVs. A recreational vehicle can weigh more than 26,000 lbs, but because it is not for commercial use, most states do not require a CDL to drive one).

What Can You Drive With A Class B CDL?

Because you aren’t pulling a massive 53-foot trailer, the skill level required to drive Class B and Class A vehicles is completely different. Many of our students start off with a Class B to get over their fear of big trucks.

Here is a closer look at the most common commercial vehicles you can operate with a Class B license:

Types of Class B Vehicles

• Straight Trucks & Box Trucks: The most common Class B vehicles on the road. These are used for local deliveries, moving companies, and hauling retail freight like furniture or appliances.
• Dump Trucks: The backbone of local construction. When loaded with dirt, gravel, or asphalt, these heavy-duty single-frame vehicles easily exceed the 26,000-pound limit.
• Garbage & Recycling Trucks: These essential municipal vehicles operate entirely locally and require highly skilled drivers to safely navigate tight residential neighborhoods and dead-end streets.
• Cement Mixers: Heavy, rigid-frame construction vehicles that carry thousands of pounds of mixing concrete to local job sites.
• Passenger Buses & School Buses: Large transit vehicles designed to carry heavy loads of people. (Note: You must add a Passenger or School Bus endorsement to your Class B license to legally drive these).
• Beverage & Food Delivery Trucks: Often seen making daily drops to grocery stores and restaurants, these trucks are built to handle massive payloads of heavy liquid and refrigerated food products.

These are some of the most common Class B vehicles on the road. They operate purely locally, have no trailers, and require highly skilled drivers to navigate tight residential neighborhoods.

Common Endorsements For Class B License

Now, you might be asking, “Can I drive a bus because there’s a ‘B’ in bus?” That’s a yes and a no! Just with a normal Class B license, you cannot legally drive a bus. To unlock certain high-paying jobs, you need to add “Endorsements” to your license by passing additional written or road tests.

Passenger (P) Endorsement

If you want to transport people, this is the exact endorsement you need. Adding a Passenger (P) endorsement to your Class B license legally allows you to drive vehicles designed to carry 16 or more passengers, such as city transit buses, airport shuttles, and luxury tour buses.

School Bus (S) Endorsement

Driving children requires a higher level of safety and training. If you want to drive a standard yellow school bus, you must first get your Passenger (P) endorsement, and then add a School Bus (S) endorsement on top of it. This usually requires a separate written test, a background check, and a specific road test in a school bus.

Tanker (N) Endorsement

A Tanker endorsement allows you to drive commercial vehicles that haul liquids or gases in bulk tanks (specifically, tanks carrying more than 119 gallons). For Class B drivers, this opens up local jobs driving water trucks, street sweepers, or even commercial milk transport trucks.

Hazardous Materials (H) Endorsement

Hauling dangerous goods such as flammable liquids, explosives, or toxic chemicals—requires a Hazmat endorsement. You will need to pass a federal background check and a written exam to get this. For Class B drivers, combining the Hazmat and Tanker endorsements is a massive money-maker, allowing you to drive highly lucrative local routes like home-heating oil delivery or commercial fuel trucks.

How Much Does A Class B CDL Driver Make?

While you are going to make a little bit less money driving a Class B vehicle compared to a Class A tractor-trailer, the trade-off is a better work-life balance.

Class B drivers are highly demanded in local markets. According to Glassdoor, average annual earnings for a Class B driver in New Jersey has a median of $75,000, with specialized local roles (like crane operators, overnight fuel delivery, or specialized transit) paying up to $90,000+ per year.

The biggest benefit? You are almost always home on a daily basis.

Class B CDL Qualification

In order to qualify for a Class B CDL, you need to make sure you meet a few specific requirements before taking your road test. The FMCSA mandates that first-time Class B applicants are subject to Entry-Level Driver Training (ELDT) rules, meaning drivers must complete certified training before becoming legally eligible for the CDL skills test.

In general, Class B CDL applicants need to:

• Meet state identification and medical requirements (including passing a DOT physical).
• Get a Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP) by passing the required written exams.
• Hold the CLP for at least 14 days before you are allowed to take the behind-the-wheel skills test.
• Complete applicable ELDT from an approved provider listed in the FMCSA’s Training Provider Registry (like Driving Academy!).

While the exact paperwork or fees might vary slightly state by state, the federal framework is exactly the same across the country: get your permit first, complete your training second, and pass your skills test last.

Do you qualify to get a Class B CDL?

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How to Get a CDL Class B License?

How do you actually get this license?

The quick answer: Come to the best school in the entire country here at Driving Academy! 

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But if you need the detailed, analytical breakdown, here are the exact steps:

Step 1: Get Your Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP)

Just like when you got your regular driver’s license, you need a permit first. You will need to study for and pass the required general knowledge written exams at your local DMV to obtain your Commercial Learner’s Permit.

CDL Endorsements

Endorsements are needed when you want to haul certain types of cargo or transport passengers. These “endorsements” shows that you have a specialized knowledge to operate these vehicles safely.

What Are The Endorsements You Can Get?

There are 4 truck driving endorsements that you can get on your license that allow you to legally transport different types of vehicles and cargo.

Step 2: ELDT(Entry-Level Driver Training)

In order to take the road test for you Class B CDL, you mush first complete your ELDT AKA Entry-Level Driver Training.

Now there are two parts to the ELDT truck drive training: ELDT Theory and Behind-The-Wheel. In order to take your road test, you’ll need to complete both portions of the training at a federally licensed CDL school like Driving Academy.

ELDT Theory

ELDT theory is the curriculum required by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) for those looking to get their Class B CDL.

The government wanted to make sure that everyone had a standard piece of knowledge so they mandated that every student take an ELDT theory course.

This program covers things you need to know to drive a Class A CDL truck. 

There are no required minimum teaching hours for theory training,

Because there isn’t a single format, it’s up to the schools to build a curriculum that gets approved by the FMCSA. This leeway with the CDL program means the coursework can be done in a live classroom, online or through a collection of recorded videos.

Once you complete the training, you need to take another test to prove your knowledge. 

Once you pass the ELDT theory exam you’re ready to rock and roll. You’re now up to the fun part, practicing on a real truck!

Behind-The-Wheel Training

The second part of training is where you get to practice driving a Class A truck. This Behind-The-Wheel training is done at a certified truck driving school like Driving Academy.

You might be thinking, “Hey, why can’t I just practice on my uncle/brother/friend’s truck. I’ll just learn with them and get my Class B CDL.”

…Nope.

You Must Complete Behind-The-Wheel Training In-Person At A Licensed CDL School!

According to § 380.609 of the Federal Code regarding entry-level driver training requirements:

“An individual who applies, for the first time, for a Class A or Class B CDL, or who upgrades to a Class A or B CDL, must complete driver training from a provider listed on the Training Provider Registry (TPR).”

This means that truck driver training can only be done by a licensed instructor at a federally approved school.

So, if you haven’t already, you’ve got to enroll at a CDL driving school like Driving Academy for yard training.

Class B Yard Training

Your behind-the-wheel training will take place in a yard or lot, which is why it’s often referred to as yard training.

Yard training at a certified trucking school is a crucial part of a commercial driver’s license training program.

Not only is it federally mandated but it takes place in a controlled environment (the “yard”) where students learn to safely operate and maneuver a truck before heading out on public roads.

This CDL yard training helps you become a truck driver by preparing you for the road test.

Truck Yard Training

https://youtu.be/pXFjSDHeajY?si=ArznmEroqHeP8s0w

Step 3: CDL Skills Test (Road Test)

The skills test has three parts:

1) Pre-Trip Inspection

The first stage of the Class B CDL road test is the Pre-Trip Inspection. In this section you’re going to have to know how to inspect both the outside and then inside of the vehicle.

2)Basic Control

The second stage of the Class B CDL road test is the Parking Maneuvers. These are going to test your Basic Vehicle Control.

You’ll just need to do things like Forward Stop, Straight Line Backing, Forward Offset and Reverse Offset.

You’ll need to demonstrate your ability to control the truck by guiding it into a defined area marked with traffic cones and painted lines.

You will fail your CDL skill test if you miss or go over the lines. It might seem unfair but in the real world, if you go over the line, then “BAM!” you’ve hit a car or building.

3) Road Test

The final part of the CDL exam is driving the truck on the road itself. This CDL road test is just like the road test you took when you got your regular license.

Your examiner will tell you where to drive and put you in a variety of traffic situations. This would include:

• Left and Right Turns
• Intersections
• Railroad Crossings
• Up and Down grades
• Single and Multi-Lane Roads, Streets, and Highways

Note: The main difference between the Class B CDL road test and a regular car road test is that you’ll also need to point out signs like speed limits and bridge heights.

When you hear that you’ve got to take a road test to get your CDL license, most people think that driving the truck or bus is going to be the hardest part of the CDL exams.
However, for most students, the pre-trip inspection is the hardest part of the test.
One part of the CDL pre-trip portion of the test is the air brake check.
When you’re hauling 80,000 pounds at 65 miles an hour down the highway, you want to make damn sure your air brakes are working.
For many of our CDL school students, the air brake check is the hardest part of it because it involves multiple pressure checks and must be performed correctly step by step.
In fact, failing even one part of the air brake check can result in an automatic failure of the vehicle inspection test in most states.

Watch the Air Brake Check Step by Step

https://youtu.be/nY5gg8WJqwg

The 3 Parts of the Air Brake Check

The air brake check is usually taught and performed in a specific order.

On the CDL Skills Test, this part matters because the examiner is looking for both the correct procedure and the correct pressure ranges. According to the FMCSA CDL manual, the three key parts are

• The applied pressure test
• The low-air warning test
• The spring brake pop-out test.

The manual also states that if you do not perform all three correctly, you can automatically fail the vehicle inspection portion of the test.

The Setup: Perform a “Safe Start”

Before you can test the brakes, you have to safely start the truck and build up the air in your tanks.

• Turn the key to the “ON” position: Do not start the engine yet. Just turn the key so the dashboard gauges and electronics turn on.
• Check your setup: Verify the transmission is in Neutral and both of your parking brakes are applied (pulled out).
• Start the engine: Turn the engine fully on.

Now, your goal is to build the air pressure up to 120 to 140 PSI. You can give the truck a little bit of gas to raise the RPMs (no higher than 1500) to make the air compressor work faster. Keep watching the gauges until you hear a loud “sneeze” from the air tanks. That sneeze indicates your air pressure is full!

Now that the setup is done, it is time for the 3 Steps of the Air Brake Test.

(CRITICAL WARNING: Once the tanks are full, turn the engine OFF, and turn the key back to the ON position. If you forget to turn the key back on, your dashboard electronics won’t work, and you will fail!)

Step 1: The Applied Pressure Test

First, push in the yellow brake valve (tractor) and then the red brake valve (trailer). This moves the air from the tanks into the lines.

• Press your foot firmly on the brake pedal and hold it there.
• Wait for exactly one minute.

The Goal: Watch your gauges. You must not lose more than 4 PSI during that one minute. This proves your system doesn’t have a massive air leak.

Step 2: The Low-Air Warning Test

Next, you need to make sure the truck will warn you if the air pressure is dropping.

• Begin pumping the foot brake.
• The low-air warning light and buzzer should come on before 55 PSI.”

The Goal: Watch the dashboard. Make sure the warning light and buzzer activate before the gauge hits 55 PSI.

Step 3: The Spring Brake Pop-Out Test

Finally, you need to prove that the emergency spring brakes will automatically pop out and stop the truck if you lose too much air.

• Continue pumping the foot brake even faster.
• Between 20 and 45 PSI, both parking brake valves should pop out.

The Goal: Keep pumping and watching the red and yellow valves. Between 20 and 45 PSI, both valves will loudly pop out. (Do not pull them out with your hands, they must pop out on their own!)

Need Help Passing the Air Brake Check?

If the air brake check still feels confusing, you are not alone.

At Driving Academy, our professional instructors help students learn difficult parts of the CDL Skills Test. Instead of trying to memorize everything on your own, you can train with instructors who walk you through the process!

Click the button below and learn how our instructors and Guaranteed CDL Program can help you get ready for the test.

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Common Mistakes on the Air Brake Road Test

I’m going to be straight with you: this is going to be one of the most difficult parts of the road test itself. Why? Because the grading is incredibly strict. If you miss just one thing on the checklist, you completely fail the test and have to restart from the beginning again.

The biggest reason I see students fail is the lack of repetitions. During your training here at Driving Academy, we give you a step-by-step checklist to help you build that muscle memory. But remember, during the road test itself, you’re not allowed to use the checklist. You are completely on your own.

Because of the pressure, students often make small errors that cost them the entire test. In my experience, here are the two most common mistakes that will lead to an instant fail:

•  Forgetting the Key: After you hear the sneeze, turn the engine off, but you must turn the key back to the “ON” position (no engine). A lot of people forget this step. If the key isn’t on, your dashboard warning lights and buzzer won’t work. And what do you think is going to happen? You’re going to fail.
• Touching the Valves: During the final pop-out test, you must let the truck do the work. It is very, very important that you keep pumping those brakes until both valves pop out on their own. If you reach over and touch them or pull them out yourself, you fail.
   

Why the Air Brake Check Matters?

The manual explains that the air brake check is meant to confirm that the safety devices operate correctly as pressure drops. It also warns that if the low-pressure warning does not work, you could lose air pressure without knowing it, which could cause emergency braking in a single-circuit system or increased stopping distance in a dual system. The manual also says excess air loss can lead to losing your brakes while driving.

When even one mistake can cost you the test, proper training can make a big difference. Contact Driving Academy and learn how our instructors can help you prepare for the air brake check and the rest of the CDL Skills Test. 

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FAQs About the Air Brake Road Test

What is the air brake test in pre-trip inspection?

The air brake road test usually refers to the air brake check performed during the pre-trip inspection portion of the CDL Skills Test. It is not the written air brake exam. Instead, it is the part where you show the examiner that you know how to check the air brake system correctly before driving.

Can you fail the CDL test if you miss one part of the air brake check?

Yes. The FMCSA manual states that if you fail to perform all three parts of the air brake check correctly, you automatically fail the vehicle inspection test portion of the CDL Skills Test.

Do you have to shut off the engine for the air brake check?

Yes. For the applied pressure portion, the FMCSA manual says to shut off the engine before completing that part of the test. It also says to chock the wheels if necessary.

How much air loss is allowed during the applied pressure test?

According to the FMCSA manual, air pressure should not drop more than 3 psi in one minute for a single vehicle or 4 psi in one minute for a combination vehicle during the applied pressure test.

Why is the air brake check so important?

The air brake check is important because it shows that the brake system can hold pressure, warn the driver when pressure gets too low, and activate the spring brakes when necessary.

Disclaimer: Exact wording and pressure ranges may vary slightly by state examiner or testing vehicle.

If you’re planning to get your CDL, or upgrade from a Class B to a Class A, there’s one requirement you can’t skip: ELDT training.

A lot of people have heard the term. Some know it’s required. But very few really understand what it is, why it matters or how to complete it correctly.

This guide breaks everything down in plain English so you know exactly what to expect and what to do next to get your CDL license.

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What Is ELDT? (Explained Simply)

ELDT stands for Entry-Level Driver Training. Think of it as the federal training program that ensures every new commercial driver has the proper knowledge and hands-on experience before taking their CDL test.

It’s not optional.
It’s not a bonus course.
You cannot take your CDL skills test without completing it.

The ELDT program includes two major components:

1. Theory (classroom or online learning)

2. Behind-the-Wheel (hands-on driving with a certified instructor)

Both are required, and both must be completed at a school approved by the FMCSA.

Why ELDT Exists: Safety, Consistency and Better Drivers

Before February 7, 2022, CDL training varied wildly from state to state.

One school in Ohio might offer 20 hours of driving practice; another in New Jersey 160 hours and another in Florida might only offer 2. Some drivers were passing CDL tests without ever being properly trained behind the wheel of an actual truck! Which is either incredibly impressive, or incredibly fishy.

The other issue was that there was no standard set of knowledge a semi-truck driver needed to know. Things like what to do if you’re in an accident, how to drive at night and how often you need to check your brakes.

The federal ELDT standards were created to ensure that every new commercial driver, no matter where they train in the United States, learns the same core safety skills, including:

• Proper vehicle operation
• Driving in different conditions
• Understanding vehicle systems
• Pre-trip inspections
• Defensive driving
• Emergency procedures

The goal of the ELDT rule is simple: better trained and more knowledgeable drivers are safer drivers, which means safer roads for everyone.

Who Must Complete ELDT Training?

One of the most common questions we see online is, “Do I need to do ELDT training?”

The short answer is you probably do. But let’s break it down so you know exactly if you need to complete entry level truck driver training or not.

You must go through ELDT training if you are trying to…

• Get a Class A or Class B commercial driver’s license (CDL) for the very first time
• Upgrade your Class B CDL license into a Class A CDL
• Add one of these endorsements to your license for the first time
  • S for school bus
  • P for passenger vehicles
  • H for hazardous materials
• If you started CDL training but never finished

Who Is Exempt?

…and the second most common is, “Am I exempt from ELDT?”

You do not need to do ELDT if:

• Your CDL license or endorsement was issued before February 7, 2022 (even if you’re upgrading from Class B to A)
• You had a CDL that you let expire
• You’re a military veteran who drove military vehicles similar to commercial trucks in the past year
• You’re a farmer transporting agricultural products to or from a farm
• Any individual who meets one of the exceptions for taking a skills test in 49 CFR Part 381 is also exempt from the ELDT requirements

If you don’t fall into an exemption category, then ELDT is mandatory. There is no way around it.

How To Complete ELDT Training (Step-by-Step)

Most people get confused because they’re not sure how the process works. They know they need to do the ELDT training but don’t know what’s actually involved.
Luckily, ELDT is pretty simple when you follow these steps.

Step 1: Register With A FMCSA Approved ELDT Program
You’ll need to go through an official training provider in order to complete ELDT training.
The school must be listed on the FMCSA Training Provider Registry (TPR). Meaning that the CDL School must have an approved program that includes all the required topics in their curriculum.

Check the list before you enroll. If the school is not registered, your training will not count!
Step 2: Complete A ELDT Theory Course (Online or Classroom)
The cool thing about the theory portion of the ELDT training is that you can do it online or in a classroom. As long as the program is FMCSA approved, you can take the theory classes anywhere.
This portion covers the knowledge you must understand before driving a commercial vehicle safely. Topics include:

• Basic Operation
• Safe Operating Procedures
• Advanced Operating Practices
• Vehicle Systems & Malfunctions
• Non-Driving Activities (post-crash procedures, hours of service, fatigue, etc.)

At the end of the course, you’ll take a multiple-choice exam that you’ll need to score at least 80% to pass.

Step 3: Take The ELDT Test
When you finish all your ELDT lessons, you’ll take a multiple-choice test. Unlike your permit exams that need to be done at your local DMV, the ELDT Test can be taken anytime and anywhere. This test will be given by the provider you studied with. It can be taken on paper, on a computer or even online.

In order to pass you’ll need to get at least 80% right.

If you do fail, don’t fret because you can retake it right away. (Though you’ll probably want to go back and study a bit.)
Once you pass the ELDT exam, your CDL school sends your results to a government registry so you can move on to the next part of becoming a truck driver, behind-the-wheel training.
Step 4: Behind-The-Wheel (BTW) Training
Now this may surprise some of you, but Behind-the-Wheel training can’t be done online.

Only real training, in a real truck, with a real instructor counts.
In the past, you could get your practice in for the skills test by borrowing your uncle’s tractor-trailer.
But now, under the ELDT rules, to get your CDL you’ll need to complete your behind-the-wheel training at a CDL school that is approved by the FMCSA. This ensures that the training meets federal safety standards and is officially recognized when you go to get your CDL.

All truck driver training must be supervised by a certified CDL instructor to make sure you’re learning the required skills, the right way. But also experienced instructors are needed for your safety, and the safety of everyone else on the road while you learn to drive a big rig.

At your local CDL school, you’ll learn:

• Basic vehicle control
• Backing maneuvers
• Turning, shifting, and speed control
• Pre-trip inspections
• On-road driving in actual traffic

This BTW truck driver training must meet federally required standards, and your instructor must document your performance and proficiency.
Once you complete your school’s training program, you will be legally ready to take the CDL skills test.

FAQs About ELDT

How much does ELDT training cost?

If you ask Google how much it costs to get ELDT training you’ll see a range from as little as $25 to over $10,000!

Why the huge range in price for ELDT? Because the low-end is just the price for online only programs. They don’t include the mandatory Behind-The-Wheel training.
Online ELDT courses typically cost between $50 to $150. But, in order to get your CDL you’ll need to also attend an in-person school.

To complete the Behind the Wheel training you’re looking at a cost between $2,500 and $6,000. Be suspicious of any school that claims they can do the in-person training required by the ELDT rules for less than $2,500. There’s a good chance you won’t actually have enough practice time to pass the difficult test or they might not even be approved by the FMCSA!

Is there a minimum number of hours for ELDT classes?

Officially there is no minimum number of hours required for ELDT training.

As long as your certified CDL school has a curriculum that meets the FMCSA minimum standard, the number of hours for classroom learning or behind the wheel learning is not set in stone. Certain states do require a certain number of hours behind the wheel. As a rule of thumb you’ll want to attend a program that offers at least 36 hours of behind the wheel training. But in actuality you’ll want to complete at least 100 hours of behind the wheel time in the truck yard for a Class A license and at least 60 hours to get a Class B CDL license.

Do the theory classes and BTW training need to be done by the same school?

Nope. Theory and behind the wheel ELDT training can be done at completely different schools. That is as long as they’re both on the FMCSA approved list.
But why would you want to pay extra for separate schools when you can go to a school like Driving Academy that offers free online ELDT theory classes as part of becoming a behind the wheel student?

Is it cheaper to take online ELDT training and then go to a CDL school for BTW training?

It can be cheaper to do the ELDT Theory Training online. However at a school like Driving Academy the online ELDT theory course is FREE when you sign up.

How long does ELDT take?

While every student is unique, most people complete ELDT theory coursework in 2 weeks or less. It really depends how good you are at studying on your own. When it comes to the actual training part of becoming a trucker, most CDL training providers have 4-6 week ELDT BTW training programs. Some more indepth programs can take up to 8 weeks or more to complete.
At Driving Academy we’ve got programs that allow you to train on your schedule. Full time or part time, with night and weekend CDL classes. It’s not uncommon for our truck driving students to spread training out over a few months. We also have an accelerated 2 week CDL training program for out of state students who need to get their CDL fast!

How do I know if a truck driving school is approved?

It’s easy to find out if your trucking school is on the approved FMCSA list. All you have to do is visit the FMCSA Training Provider Registry website.

Do I need an ELDT before taking my CDL permit test?

• You can complete the theory part of ELDT training at any time in the CDL process. So the ELDT theory section can be done before or after you take your CDL permit exam. Both theory and behind the wheel training need to be completed before you take your CDL road test.

That being said, you do need to complete the ELDT theory training before you can take the hazmat (H), school bus (S) or passenger (P) endorsement tests.

Does ELDT expire?

Unlike the CDL learners permit that expires in a year, once completed, the ELDT certification never expires. Even if you let your CDL license expire, you don’t need to redo the ELDT training. However you do need to complete your behind-the-wheel training within 12 months of finishing the theory portion. Otherwise you will need to retake the ELDT theory exam.

Do I need to redo ELDT if I move to a new state?

Because ELDT certification is handled at a federal level, you don’t need to redo it if you move to another state. You will need to transfer your CDL driver’s license to the new state you’re moving to.

Quick Recap: What You Need to Remember

• ELDT is mandatory for almost all new CDL drivers.
• You must complete theory AND behind-the-wheel training.
• It must be from a TPR-registered CDL school, or it won’t count.
• Online ELDT courses are convenient for the theory portion, but behind-the-wheel must be done in person.
• You can take your CDL road test once your school uploads your program completion to the FMCSA.

Why Choose Driving Academy To Do Your ELDT Training?

If you want to get your CDL, Driving Academy is here to help! As the best CDL school, we guide you every step of the way, from permit to paycheck.
Here’s what sets us our trucking school apart:

• Online ELDT theory for maximum flexibility
• Full hands-on behind-the-wheel training and realistic truck driving simulators to practice on
• Road test preparation and scheduling support
• Real trucks, real instructors, real experience
• Multiple training programs to match your schedule and goals including nights and weekends.
• Job placement assistance until the day you die!

We make the tractor-trailer training process easy, clear and stress-free to help you get on the Road To Freedom!

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If you’re thinking about getting a commercial driver’s license, one of the first questions you’ll run into is the difference between Class A and Class B CDL. They might seem similar, but the type of work, vehicles, and career paths they open up are very different.

Choosing the wrong CDL class can cost you time, money, and job opportunities. Choosing the right one can put you on a clear path toward a stable, well-paying career.

In this guide, we’ll break down the real differences between Class A and Class B CDL licenses, what each one allows you to drive, the jobs you can get, and how to decide which license makes the most sense for your goals.

What Is A Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)?

Before you actually understand the difference between them, it’s important to know what a CDL is. A Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) allows drivers to legally operate large, heavy, or specialized commercial vehicles. While the rules are set federally, CDLs are issued and managed by each state.

There are three main CDL classes:

• Class A
• Class B
• Class C

This article focuses specifically on the difference between Class A and Class B CDL, since those are the two most common licenses for professional drivers.

What Is A Class A CDL?

A Class A CDL allows you to operate combination vehicles with a Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR) of 26,001 pounds or more, where the vehicle or trailer being towed weighs more than 10,000 pounds.

Vehicles You Can Drive With a Class A CDL:

• Tractor-trailers (18-wheelers)
• Semi-trucks
• Flatbeds
• Tanker trucks
• Livestock carriers
• Truck and trailer combinations

Common Class A CDL Jobs:

• Long-haul (OTR) truck driver
• Regional truck driver
• Tanker driver
• Flatbed driver
• Owner-operator

Class A is the most versatile CDL license and typically offers the highest earning potential, especially for long-distance driving. Because it leads to better pay and broader job opportunities, the Class A CDL is the most popular choice among our students.

Types of Class A Vehicles

What Is A Class B CDL?

A Class B CDL allows you to operate single vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of 26,001 pounds or more, or tow a vehicle not exceeding 10,000 pounds.

Vehicles You Can Drive With a Class B CDL:

• Straight trucks
• Dump trucks
• Box trucks
• Cement mixers
• Garbage trucks
• School buses
• City buses

Common Class B CDL Jobs:

• Local delivery driver
• Bus driver
• School bus driver
• Construction vehicle operator
• Waste management driver

Class B jobs are often local, meaning you’re more likely to be home every night.

Types of Class B Vehicles

Difference Between Class A And Class B CDL (Side-by-Side Comparison)

When people ask about the difference between Class A and Class B CDL, they’re usually trying to understand what vehicles they can legally drive and what kind of jobs each license qualifies them for.

The main difference comes down to vehicle type. A Class A CDL is for combination vehicles, like tractor-trailers pulling heavy trailers. A Class B CDL is for single, heavy vehicles, such as buses, dump trucks, or box trucks.

This distinction affects training, testing difficulty, job options, and even daily work schedules. A Class A license generally offers more flexibility, while Class B is better suited for drivers who prefer local routes and predictable hours.

The table below breaks down the side-by-side differences between Class A and Class B CDL so you can clearly see how each license compares and decide which one fits your goals best.